{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:59:38Z","timestamp":1790157578367,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:03:05Z","timestamp":1790074985000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Refractory chronic inflammatory bowel disease in childhood and adolescence"],"prefix":"10.3238","author":[{"given":"Frank","family":"Rommel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christa","family":"Bergheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Melchior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Zilbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Jenke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11437","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts SE, Thorne K, Thapar N, et al.: A systematic review and meta-analysis of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease incidence and prevalence across Europe. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14: 1119\u201348","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa037"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref2","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA): Summary of opinion: Simponi (golimumab)\u2014paediatric ulcerative colitis. 2025 www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/simponi (last accessed on 3 July 2026)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref3","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) C: Opinion on variation: Stelara (ustekinumab)\u2014paediatric Crohn\u2018s disease ≥2 years. 2026. www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/variation\/stelara (last accessed on 3\u00a0July 2026)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00e4britz J, Classen M, Krohn K, et al.: [Position paper of the Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (GPGE) on the off-label use of biologics and signal inhibitors in children and adolescents with IBD that have already been approved for adults]. Z Gastroenterol 2025; 63: 255\u201368","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2474-3104"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felipez LM, Ali S, de Zoeten EF, et al.: North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition position paper on the therapeutic drug monitoring in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2025; 81: 1100\u201317","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.70158"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner D, Ricciuto A, Lewis A, et al.: STRIDE-II: An update on the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE) Initiative of the International Organization for the Study of IBD (IOIBD): Determining therapeutic goals for treat-to-target strategies in IBD. Gastroenterology 2021; 160: 1570\u201383","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.12.031"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Rheenen PF, Aloi M, Assa A, et al.: The Medical management of paediatric crohn\u2018s disease: an ECCO-ESPGHAN guideline update. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15: jjaa161","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa161"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wine E, Aloi M, Van Biervliet S, et al.: Management of paediatric ulcerative colitis, part 1: Ambulatory care\u2014an updated evidence-based consensus guideline from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the European Crohn\u2018s and Colitis Organisation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2025; 81: 765\u2013815","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.70097"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assa A, Aloi M, Van Biervliet S, et al.: Management of paediatric ulcerative colitis, part 2: Acute severe colitis\u2014an updated evidence-based consensus guideline from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the European Crohn\u2018s and Colitis Organization. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2025; 81: 816\u201351","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.70096"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peyrin-Biroulet L, Sandborn W, Sands BE, et al.: Selecting therapeutic targets in inflammatory bowel disease (STRIDE): Determining therapeutic goals for treat-to-target. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110: 1324\u201338","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.233"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samanta A, Srivastava A: Biologics in the management of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: When and what to choose. World J Clin Pediatr 2025; 14: 100938","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v14.i1.100938"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsal J, Barreiro-de Acosta M, Blumenstein I, Cappello M, Bazin T, Sebastian S: Management of non-response and loss of response to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9: 897936","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.897936"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai M, Guo H, Zheng XY: Inflammatory bowel disease and clostridium difficile infection: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2023; 16: 17562848231207280","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848231207280"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feuerstein JD, Nguyen GC, Kupfer SS, Falck-Ytter Y, Singh S, American Gastroenterological Association Institute Clinical Guidelines C: American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on therapeutic drug monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2017; 153: 827\u201334","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.07.032"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vande Casteele N, Herfarth H, Katz J, Falck-Ytter Y, Singh S: American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on the role of therapeutic drug monitoring in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 2017; 153: 835\u201357 e6","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.07.031"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roblin X, Williet N, Boschetti G, et al.: Addition of azathioprine to the switch of anti-TNF in patients with IBD in clinical relapse with undetectable anti-TNF trough levels and antidrug antibodies: A prospective randomised trial. Gut 2020; 69: 1206\u201312","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319758"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lobaton T, De Vos M: Editorial: Infliximab trough levels and histological healing in ulcerative colitis-a step towards personalised biologic therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 47: 855\u20136","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14532"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong R, Qin L, Pan Y, et al.: Higher adalimumab trough levels are associated with histologic remission and mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Med 2023; 12: 6796","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12216796"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosh JR, Turner D, Griffiths A, et al.: Ustekinumab in paediatric patients with moderately to severely active crohn\u2018s disease: Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy results from unistar, a phase 1 study. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15: 1931\u201342","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab089"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li P, Wang L, Tang Z, et al.: Ustekinumab in pediatric patients with Crohn\u2018s disease: Safety, and efficacy results from a multicenter retrospective study in China. Front Pediatr 2024; 12: 1371322","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1371322"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner D, Rosh JR, Cohen SA, et al.: Ustekinumab in paediatric patients with moderately to severely active Crohn\u2018s disease: Unistar study long-term extension results. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024; 79: 315\u201324","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.12252"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques BO, Gusmao ABF, Gusmao ALF, et al.: Long-term effects of ustekinumab in children with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2025; 81: 1045\u201359","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.70163"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchel EB, Dolinger MT, Constant B, et al.: Ustekinumab is safe and effective in pediatric patients with Crohn\u2018s disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2025; 80: 653\u201363","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.12452"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen S, Rolandsdotter H, Kolho KL, et al.: Effectiveness and safety of ustekinumab in pediatric ulcerative colitis: A multi-center retrospective study from the pediatric IBD porto group of ESPGHAN. Paediatr Drugs 2024; 26: 609\u201317","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-024-00631-z"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battat R, Kopylov U, Bessissow T, et al.: Association between ustekinumab trough concentrations and clinical, biomarker, and endoscopic outcomes in patients with Crohn\u2018s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15: 1427\u201334 e2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.03.032"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verstockt B, Dreesen E, Noman M, et al.: Ustekinumab exposure-outcome analysis in Crohn\u2018s disease only in part explains limited endoscopic remission rates. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13: 864\u201372","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz008"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nambu R, Iwama I, Takeuchi I, et al.: Real-world outcomes of ustekinumab, vedolizumab, and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in very-early-onset inflammatory bowel disease: A multi-center cohort study. J Gastroenterol 2026; 61: 398\u2013409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-025-02334-9"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref28","unstructured":"Philipp S, Menter A, Nikkels AF, et al.: Ustekinumab for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis in paediatric patients (>\/=\u00a06\u00a0to"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louis E, Schreiber S, Panaccione R, et al.: Risankizumab for ulcerative colitis: Two randomized clinical trials. JAMA 2024; 332: 881\u201397","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.12414"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2018Haens G, Dubinsky M, Kobayashi T, et al.: Mirikizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 2023; 388: 2444\u201355","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2207940"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubin DT, Allegretti JR, Pan\u00e9s J, et al.: Guselkumab in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (QUASAR): Phase 3 double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled induction and maintenance studies. Lancet 2025; 405: 33\u201349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01927-5"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2018Haens G, Panaccione R, Baert F, et al.: Risankizumab as induction therapy for Crohn\u2018s disease: Results from the phase 3 ADVANCE and MOTIVATE induction trials. Lancet 2022; 399: 2015\u201330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00467-6"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref33","unstructured":"Ferrante M, D\u2018Haens G, Jairath V, et al.: Efficacy and safety of mirikizumab in patients with moderately-to-severely active Crohn\u2018s disease: A phase 3, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active-controlled, treat-through study. Lancet\u00a02024; 404: 2423\u201336"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panaccione R, Feagan BG, Afzali A, et al.: Efficacy and safety of intravenous induction and subcutaneous maintenance therapy with guselkumab for patients with Crohn\u2018s disease (GALAXI-2 and GALAXI-3): 48-week results from two phase 3, randomised, placebo and active comparator-controlled, double-blind, triple-dummy trials. Lancet 2025; 406: 358\u201375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00681-6"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otani Y, Chua L, Komocsar WJ, Larkin A, Johns J, Zhang X: Mirikizumab pharmacokinetics and exposure-response in pediatric patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2025; 14: 474\u201385","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.13286"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplan JL, Bousvaros A, Turner D, et al.: Efficacy and safety of mirikizumab in paediatric participants with moderately-to-severely active ulcerative colitis (SHINE-1): A multicentre, open-label, non-randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2026; 11: 100\u20139","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(25)00196-7"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ledder O, Assa A, Levine A, et al.: Vedolizumab in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease: A retrospective multi-centre experience from the paediatric IBD porto group of ESPGHAN. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11: 1230\u20137","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx082"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atia O, Shavit-Brunschwig Z, Lev-Tzion R, et al.: Maintenance treatment with vedolizumab in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease (VEDOKIDS): 54-week outcomes of a multicentre, prospective, cohort study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2025; 10: 234\u201347","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00319-4"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atia O, Shavit-Brunschwig Z, Mould DR, et al.: Outcomes, dosing, and predictors of vedolizumab treatment in children with inflammatory bowel disease (VEDOKIDS): A prospective, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 8: 31\u201342","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00307-7"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stein R, Turner D, Hussey S, et al.: Baseline drug clearance predicts outcomes in children with inflammatory bowel disease treated with vedolizumab: Results from the VedoKids Prospective Multicentre Study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2025; 61: 1000\u201310","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.18484"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2018Arcangelo G, Turner D, Ledder O, et al.: Vedolizumab for extraintestinal manifestations in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: Results from the VedoKids study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2026; 82: 495\u2013502","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.70276"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref42","unstructured":"Yerushalmy-Feler A, Spencer EA, Dolinger MT, et al.: Upadacitinib for induction of remission in pediatric ulcerative colitis: An international multicenter study. J Crohns Colitis 2025; 19: jjae182"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen S, Spencer EA, Dolinger MT, et al.: Upadacitinib for induction of remission in paediatric Crohn\u2018s disease: An international multicentre retrospective study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2025; 61: 1372\u201380","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.70016"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel PV, Rigmaiden M, Goyal A, et al.: Intensified upadacitinib dosing for adolescent patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis. Children (Basel) 2025; 12: 401","DOI":"10.3390\/children12040401"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spencer EA, Bergstein S, Dolinger M, et al.: Single-center experience with upadacitinib for adolescents with refractory inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024; 30: 2057\u201363","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad300"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rommel FR, Bergheim C, Jerrentrup I, Weber S, Jenke A: Efficacy of modified upadacitinib dosing in pediatric refractory IBD: A case-based analysis. Children (Basel) 2025; 12: 1268","DOI":"10.3390\/children12091268"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yerushalmy-Feler A, Olbjorn C, Kolho KL, et al.: Dual biologic or small molecule therapy in refractory pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (DOUBLE-PIBD): A multicenter study from the pediatric IBD porto group of ESPGHAN. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024; 30: 159\u201366","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad064"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandborn WJ, Su C, Sands BE, et al.: Tofacitinib as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 2017; 376: 1723\u201336","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606910"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panes J, Sandborn WJ, Schreiber S, et al.: Tofacitinib for induction and maintenance therapy of Crohn\u2018s disease: Results of two phase IIb randomised placebo-controlled trials. Gut 2017; 66: 1049\u201359","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312735"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ledder O, Dolinger M, Dubinsky MC, et al.: Tofacitinib in pediatric ulcerative colitis: A retrospective multicenter experience. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2025; 31: 425\u201331","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izae112"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandborn WJ, Vermeire S, Peyrin-Biroulet L, et al.: Etrasimod as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis (ELEVATE): Two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies. Lancet 2023; 401: 1159\u201371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00061-2"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, D\u2018Haens G, et al.: Ozanimod as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 2021; 385: 1280\u201391","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2033617"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wlazlo M, Kierkuś J: Dual biologic therapy for the treatment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: A review of the literature. J Clin Med 2022; 11: 2004","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11072004"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balderramo D: Role of the combination of biologics and\/or small molecules in the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28: 6743\u201351","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i47.6743"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penagini F, Lonoce L, Abbattista L, et al.: Dual biological therapy and small molecules in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacol Res 2023; 196: 106935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106935"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard G, Weiner D, Bar-Or I, Levine A: Dual biologic therapy with vedolizumab and ustekinumab for refractory Crohn\u2018s disease in children. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 34: 372\u20134","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002203"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kellar A, Dolinger MT, Spencer EA, Dubinsky MC: Real-world outcomes of dual advanced therapy in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69: 1826\u201333","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-024-08379-9"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wlazlo M, Meglicka M, Wiernicka A, Osiecki M, Matuszczyk M, Kierkus J: Combination biologic therapy in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: Safety and efficacy over a minimum 12-month follow-up period. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024; 79: 54\u201361","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.12179"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallagher J, Rosh JR, Sahn B: The future of advanced therapies for pediatric Crohn\u2018s disease. Paediatr Drugs 2023; 25: 621\u201333","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-023-00590-x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponsioen CY, de Groof EJ, Eshuis EJ, et al.: Laparoscopic ileocaecal resection versus infliximab for terminal ileitis in Crohn\u2018s disease: A randomised controlled, open-label, multicentre trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2: 785\u201392","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30248-0"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinelli M, Romeo E, Caldaro T, et al.: De novo Crohn\u2018s disease in children with ulcerative colitis undergoing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: A multicenter, retrospective study from the pediatric IBD porto group of the ESPGHAN. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024; 30: 1475\u201381","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad199"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fadel MG, Geropoulos G, Warren OJ, et al.: Risks factors associated with the development of Crohn\u2018s disease after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crohns Colitis 2023; 17: 1537\u201348","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad051"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarchin L, Spencer EA, Khaitov S, et al.: De novo Crohn\u2018s disease of the pouch in children undergoing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 69: 455\u201360","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002406"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Law CCY, Tkachuk B, Lieto S, et al.: Early biologic treatment decreases risk of surgery in Crohn\u2018s disease but not in ulcerative colitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024; 30: 1080\u20136","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad149"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geldof J, Iqbal N, LeBlanc JF, et al.: Classifying perianal fistulising Crohn\u2018s disease: An expert consensus to guide decision-making in daily practice and clinical trials. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7: 576\u201384","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00007-3"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal M, Ebert AC, Poulsen G, et al.: Early ileocecal resection for Crohn\u2018s disease is associated with improved long-term outcomes compared with anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: A population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 2023; 165: 976\u201385 e3","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.05.051"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madaffari I, Muttillo EM, Franca A, et al.: Early surgical resection in pediatric patients with localized ileo-cecal Crohn\u2018s disease: Results of a retrospective multicenter study. J Clin Med 2025; 14: 404","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020404"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chanchlani N, Lin S, Bewshea C, et al.: Mechanisms and management of loss of response to anti-TNF therapy for patients with Crohn\u2018s disease: 3-year data from the prospective, multicentre PANTS cohort study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 9: 521\u201338","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2024-bspghan.4"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Bie CI, Buderus S, Sandhu BK, et al.: Diagnostic workup of paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Europe: Results of a 5-year audit of the EUROKIDS registry. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012; 54: 374\u201380","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318231d984"}],"container-title":["Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt international"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:01:41Z","timestamp":1790154101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"references-count":69,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0128","relation":{},"ISSN":["1866-0452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-0452","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]}}}