{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:56:53Z","timestamp":1791291413425,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:29:59Z","timestamp":1791289799000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Obsessive-compulsive disorder in adulthood: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment"],"prefix":"10.3238","author":[{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Voderholzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Jelinek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Schennach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Domschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans J\u00f6rgen","family":"Grabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Endres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11437","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stein DJ, Costa DLC, Lochner C, et al.: Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019; 5: 52.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0102-3"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voderholzer U, Favreau M, Rubart A, et al.: [Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders: Recommendations of the revised S3 guidelines on obsessive-compulsive disorders]. Nervenarzt 2022; 93: 678–87.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-022-01336-9"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Endres D, Schiele MA, von Zedtwitz K, et al.: Obsessive-compulsive disorder—a state-of-the-art review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2025; 177: 106320.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106320"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Endres D, Baldermann JC, Schiele MA, Jelinek L, Domschke K, Voderholzer U: Update on obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Nervenarzt 2025; 96: 403–15.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-025-01845-3"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abramowitz JS, Abramovitch A, McKay D, Draffin A: Management of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults. BMJ 2026; 392: e083443.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-083443"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruscio AM, Stein DJ, Chiu WT, Kessler RC: The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15: 53–63.","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.94"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fawcett EJ, Power H, Fawcett JM: Women are at greater risk of OCD than men: A meta-analytic review of OCD prevalence worldwide. J Clin Psychiatry 2020; 81: 19r13085.","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.19r13085"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stein DJ, Ruscio AM, Altwaijri Y, et al.: World Mental Health survey collaborators. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in the World Mental Health surveys. BMC Med 2025; 23: 416.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04209-5"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobi F, H\u00f6fler M, Strehle J, et al.: [Mental disorders in the general population: Study on the health of adults in Germany and the additional module mental health (DEGS1-MH)]. Nervenarzt 2014; 85: 77–87.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-013-3961-y"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brakoulias V, Starcevic V, Belloch A, et al.: Comorbidity, age of onset and suicidality in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): An international collaboration. Compr Psychiatry 2017; 76: 79–86.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2017.04.002"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref11","unstructured":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde (DGPPN): S3-Leitlinie Zwangsst\u00f6rungen. AWMF-Register 038–017. 2022. https:\/\/register.awmf.org\/assets\/guidelines\/038_017l_S3_Zwangsst%C3%B6rungen_2022-07.pdf (last accessed on 5 July 2026)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pittenger C: Biological mechanisms and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2026; 22: 455–80.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081423-020516"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref13","unstructured":"Strom NI, Gerring ZF, Galimberti M, et al.: Genome-wide analyses identify 30 loci associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Genet 2025; 57: 1389–1401."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodman WK, Storch EA, Sheth SA: Harmonizing the neurobiology and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2021; 178: 17–29. .","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20111601"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Runge K, Feige B, Schiele MA, et al.: Secondary obsessive-compulsive syndromes: A systematic literature review resulting in 228 suspected cases. Mol Psychiatry 2026; 31: 1121–31.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03395-1"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brander G, P\u00e9rez-Vigil A, Larsson H, et al.: Systematic review of environmental risk factors for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A proposed roadmap from association to causation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65: 36–62.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.03.011"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pauls DL, Abramovitch A, Rauch SL, et al.: Obsessive-compulsive disorder: An integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014; 15: 410–24.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3746"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robbins TW, Vaghi MM, Banca P: Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Puzzles and prospects. Neuron 2019; 102: 27–47.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.01.046"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirschtritt ME, Bloch MH, Mathews CA: Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA 2017; 317: 1358–67.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.2200"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref20","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association; DSM-5 Task Force: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, 5th ed.; American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC, USA, 2013; 947. https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2013–14907–000"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref21","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO): International classification of diseases (11th Revision). 2026. https:\/\/icd.who.int\/ (last accessed on 5 July 2026)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mataix-Cols D, Fern\u00e1ndez de la Cruz L, Nordsletten AE, et al.: Towards an international expert consensus for defining treatment response, remission, recovery and relapse in obsessive-compulsive disorder. World Psychiatry 2016; 15: 80–1.","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20299"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skapinakis P, Caldwell DM, Hollingworth W, et al.: Pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions for management of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3: 730–9.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30069-4"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou DD, Zhou XX, Lv Z, et al.: Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antipsychotics as augmentations in adults with treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: A network meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 111: 51–8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.01.014"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conti D, Girone N, Boscacci M, et al.: The use of antipsychotics in obsessive compulsive disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol 2024; 39: e2893.","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2893"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahtou A, Omara HR, Qari SA, et al.: Efficacy of antipsychotic augmentation therapy in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus 2026; 18: e108358.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.108358"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Endres D, Jelinek L, Domschke K, Voderholzer U: [Treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorders]. Nervenarzt 2024; 95: 432–9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-024-01629-1"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reid JE, Laws KR, Drummond L, et al.: Cognitive behavioural therapy with exposure and response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Compr Psychiatry 2021; 106: 152223.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2021.152223"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Y, Miguel C, Ciharova M, et al.: The effectiveness of psychological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials published over last 30 years. Psychol Med 2024; 54: 2838–51.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291724001375"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitzsimmons SMDD, van der Werf YD, van Campen AD, et al.: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and pairwise\/network meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2022; 302: 302–12.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.01.048"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen SE, Niemeijer MJ, Zantvoord JB, et al.: Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive-disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant outcome data from sham-controlled trials. Mol Psychiatry 2025; 30: 4937–47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03092-z"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref32","unstructured":"Harrer M, Miguel C, van Ballegooijen W, et al.: Effectiveness of psychotherapy: Synthesis of a „meta-analytic research domain“ across world regions and 12 mental health problems. Psychol Bull 2025; 151: 600–67."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref33","unstructured":"Foa EB, Simpson HB, Gallagher T, et al.:Maintenance of wellness in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who discontinue medication after exposure\/response prevention augmentation: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022; 79: 193–200."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Roessel PJ, Grassi G, Aboujaoude EN, et al.: Treatment-resistant OCD: Pharmacotherapies in adults. Compr Psychiatry 2023; 120: 152352.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2022.152352"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carmi L, Tendler A, Bystritsky A, et al.: Efficacy and safety of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A prospective multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176: 931–8.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18101180"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref36","unstructured":"Gadot R, Najera R, Hirani S, et al.: Efficacy of deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 20: jnnp-2021–328738."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref37","unstructured":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde (DGPPN), Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie (DGKJP), Deutsche Gesellschaft Zwangserkrankungen e. V. (DGZ):Patientenleitlinie Zwangsst\u00f6rungen 2026. https:\/\/register.awmf.org\/assets\/guidelines\/038_017p1_S3_Zwangsstoerungen_2026-04.pdf (last accessed on 5 July 2026)."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen B, Kvale G, Hagen K,et al.: The Bergen 4-day treatment for OCD: Four years follow-up of concentrated ERP in a clinical mental health setting. Cogn Behav Ther 2019; 48: 89–105.","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2018.1478447"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang W, Yang W, Ruan H, et al.: Comparison of internet-based and face-to-face cognitive behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 168: 140–8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.10.025"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castle D, Feusner J, Laposa JM, et al.: Psychotherapies and digital interventions for OCD in adults: What do we know, what do we need still to explore? Compr Psychiatry 2023; 120: 152357.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2022.152357"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Vigil A, Fern\u00e1ndez de la Cruz L, Brander G, et al.: Association of obsessive-compulsive disorder with objective indicators of educational attainment: A nationwide register-based sibling control study. JAMA Psychiatr. 2018; 75: 47–55.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3523"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meier SM, Mattheisen M, Mors O, Schendel DE, Mortensen PB, Plessen KJ: Mortality among persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder in Denmark. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73: 268–74.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.3105"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez de la Cruz L, Rydell M, Runeson B, et al.: Suicide in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A population-based study of 36 788 Swedish patients. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22: 1626–32.","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.115"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermida-Barros L, Prim\u00e9-Tous M, Garc\u00eda-Delgar B, et al.: Family accommodation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161: 105678.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105678"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mack S, Jacobi F, Gerschler A: Self-reported utilization of mental health services in the adult German population—evidence for unmet needs? Results of the DEGS1-Mental Health Module (DEGS1-MH). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2014; 23: 289–303.","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1438"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bey K, Willems S, Dueren AL, Philipsen A, Wagner M: Help-seeking behavior, treatment barriers and facilitators, attitudes and access to first-line treatment in German adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2025; 25: 235.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-06655-0"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brakoulias V, Pampaloni I, Fineberg NA: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Often a missed diagnosis and misdiagnosed. Br J Psychiatry 2026: 1–3.","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2026.10542"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skoog G, Skoog I: A 40-year follow-up of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder [see comments]. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: 121–7.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.2.121"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grabe HJ, Ruhrmann S, Ettelt S, et al.: Familiality of obsessive-compulsive disorder in nonclinical and clinical subjects. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1986–92.","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.11.1986"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mataix-Cols D, Fern\u00e1ndez de la Cruz L, Beucke JC, et al.: Heritability of clinically diagnosed obsessive-compulsive disorder among twins. JAMA Psychiatry 2024; 81: 631–2.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.0299"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halvorsen M, de Schipper E, Boberg J, et al.: A burden of rare copy number variants in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2025; 30: 1510–7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02763-7"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shephard E, Stern ER, van den Heuvel OA, et al.: Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26: 4583–604.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-01007-8"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coenen VA, Schlaepfer TE, Sajonz B,et al.: Tractographic description of major subcortical projection pathways passing the anterior limb of the internal capsule. Corticopetal organization of networks relevant for psychiatric disorders. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 25: 102165.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102165"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coenen VA, Schlaepfer TE, Sajonz BEA, Reinacher PC, D\u00f6br\u00f6ssy MD, Reisert M: „The heart asks pleasure first“—conceptualizing psychiatric diseases as MAINTENANCE network dysfunctions through insights from slMFB DBS in depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Sci 2022; 12: 438.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12040438"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coenen VA, Polosan M, Schl\u00e4pfer TE, et al.: Deconstructing a common pathway concept for deep brain stimulation in the case of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2025; 30: 4274–85.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03008-x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastre M, Occ\u00e9an BV, Boudousq V, et al.: Serotonergic underpinnings of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of neuroimaging findings. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2025; 79: 48–59.","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13760"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reimold M, Smolka MN, Zimmer A, et al.: Reduced availability of serotonin transporters in obsessive-compulsive disorder correlates with symptom severity—A [11C]DASB PET study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 114: 1603–9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0785-6"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller ML, Brock RL: The effect of trauma on the severity of obsessive-compulsive spectrum symptoms: A meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord 2017; 47: 29–44.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2017.02.005"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starcevic V, Brakoulias V: Current understanding of the relationships between obsessive-compulsive disorder and personality disturbance. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2017; 30: 50–5.","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000291"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swedo SE: Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7 Suppl 2: 24–5.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001170"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Garvey M, et al.: Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: Clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 264–71.","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.2.264"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fibbe LA, Cath DC, van den Heuvel OA, Veltman DJ, Tijssen MA, van Balkom AJ: Relationship between movement disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder: Beyond the obsessive-compulsive-tic phenotype. A systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012; 83: 646–54.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-301752"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schirmbeck F, Zink M: [Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in psychotic disorders: Pathogenesis and treatment]. Nervenarzt 2022; 93: 688–94.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-022-01332-z"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shakeri J, Farnia V, Karimi AR, et al.: The prevalence and clinical features of amphetamine-induced obsessive compulsive disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 160: 157–62.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.034"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim DD, Barr AM, Lu C, Stewart SE, et al.: Clozapine-associated obsessive-compulsive symptoms and their management: A systematic review and analysis of 107 reported cases. Psychother Psychosom 2020; 89: 151–60.","DOI":"10.1159\/000505876"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno Tarazona E, Orozco Gonzalez M, La Rosa Giron A, Ruiz-Grosso P, Lazo-Porras M: Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine: A scoping review. BMC Psychiatry 2025; 25: 71.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-06466-9"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schiele MA, Lipovsek J, Schlosser P: Epigenome-wide DNA methylation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12: 221.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01996-w"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos-Martin R, Bey K, Elsner B, et al.: Epigenome-wide analysis identifies methylome profiles linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder, disease severity, and treatment response. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28: 4321–30.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02219-4"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgui\u00e8re E, Monteiro P, Feng G, Graybiel AM: Optogenetic stimulation of lateral orbitofronto-striatal pathway suppresses compulsive behaviors. Science 2013; 340: 1243–6.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232380"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pankratz B, Feige B, Runge K, et al.: Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette syndrome, and PANDAS: A systematic literature review. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115: 319–32.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.09.016"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pittenger C, Bloch MH, Williams K: Glutamate abnormalities in obsessive compulsive disorder: Neurobiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 132: 314–32.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2011.09.006"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Endres D, von Zedtwitz K, Urbach H, et al.: Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in two patients with strategic basal ganglia lesions. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28: 528–31.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01853-8"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soto JS, Jami-Alahmadi Y, Chacon J, et al.: Astrocyte-neuron subproteomes and obsessive-compulsive disorder mechanisms. Nature 2023; 616: 764–73.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05927-7"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref74","unstructured":"Cotovio G, Descal\u00e7o N, Caballero-Insaurriaga J, et al.: Dysfunctional brain circuits overlap in lesional and idiopathic obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2026: S0006–3223(26)01250–3."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bloch MH, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Rosario MC, Pittenger C, Leckman JF: Meta-analysis of the symptom structure of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165: 1532–42.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08020320"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leckman JF, Grice DE, Boardman J, et al.: Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 911–7.","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.7.911"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doron G, Derby D, Szepsenwol O, Nahaloni E, Moulding R: Relationship obsessive-compulsive disorder: Interference, symptoms, and maladaptive beliefs. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7: 58.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00058"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moritz S, Leucht S, Hoyer L, Schmotz S, Abramovitch A, Jelinek L: Towards the DSM-6: The intersection of OCD and psychosis. Expert perspectives on insight in the diagnosis of OCD. Psychiatry Res 2025; 344: 116306.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.116306"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fchne F, Paunov T, Weck F: Recognizing obsessive-compulsive disorder: How suitable is the German Zohar-Fineberg obsessive-compulsive screen? BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21: 450.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03458-x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, et al.: The Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale. II. Validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 1012–6.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110054008"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, et al.: The Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 1006–11.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Pina JA, S\u00e1nchez-Meca J, L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez JA, et al.: The Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale: A reliability generalization meta-analysis. Assessment 2015; 22: 619–28.","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191114551954"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Runge K, Reisert M, Feige B, et al.: Deep clinical phenotyping of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: An approach towards detection of organic causes and first results. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13: 83.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02368-8"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma E, Sharma LP, Balachander S, et al.: Comorbidities in obsessive-compulsive disorder across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12: 703701.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.703701"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meier SM, Petersen L, Pedersen MG, et al.: Obsessive-compulsive disorder as a risk factor for schizophrenia: A nationwide study. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71: 1215–21.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1011"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen MH, Tsai SJ, Liang CS, et al.: Diagnostic progression to schizophrenia in 35,255 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A longitudinal follow-up study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 273: 541–51.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-021-01361-w"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinho FP, Magalh\u00e3es D, Fel\u00edcio R, Ferreira TF, Jorge S: Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in first episode psychosis and risk states: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2023; 255: 41–51.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2023.03.024"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavrogiorgou P, Bader A, Stockfleth E, Juckel G: Obsessive-compulsive disorder in dermatology. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2015; 13: 991–9.","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.12781"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezaeimehr MR, Zargham M, Jahanabadi Z, et al.: Association between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) in women: A study based on urodynamic findings and micturition problem. Neurourol Urodyn 2022; 41: 357–64.","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24831"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Citkowska-Kisielewska A, Rutkowski K, Mielimąka M, Sobański JA, Dembińska E: Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder and in generalized anxiety disorder: Occurrence and correlations. J Psychiatr Pract 2020; 26: 101–19.","DOI":"10.1097\/PRA.0000000000000451"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Methodik und Dokumentation in der Psychiatrie. Das AMDP-System: Manual zur Dokumentation psychiatrischer Befunde. 11.th revised edition. G\u00f6ttingen: Hogrefe 2023.","DOI":"10.1026\/03157-000"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedford SA, Hunsche MC, Kerns CM: Co-occurrence, assessment and treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2020; 22: 53.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-020-01176-x"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aymerich C, Pacho M, Catalan A, et al.: Prevalence and correlates of the concurrence of autism spectrum disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Sci 2024; 14: 379.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14040379"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen SE, Denys D: Fifty years of pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder—A short reflection. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2025; 98: 49–50.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2025.07.005"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6st LG, Andersson E, Clefberg L, et al.: Long-term follow-up of cognitive behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults and children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cogn Behav Ther 2026; Jul 15: 1–23.","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2026.2696809"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6st LG, Havnen A, Hansen B, Kvale G: Cognitive behavioral treatments of obsessive-compulsive disorder. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published 1993–2014. Clin Psychol Rev 2015; 40: 156–69.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.06.003"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olatunji BO, Davis ML, Powers MB, Smits JA: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis of treatment outcome and moderators. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47: 33–41.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.08.020"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpenter JK, Andrews LA, Witcraft SM, Powers MB, Smits JAJ, Hofmann SG: Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Depress Anxiety 2018; 35: 502–14.","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22728"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen SE, Storosum BW, Zantvoord JB, Mattila TK, de Boer A, Denys D: Individual patient data meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors submitted for regulatory approval in adult obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2025; 227: 680–7.","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2025.87"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen SE, Zantvoord JB, Storosum BWC, et al.: Influence of study characteristics, methodological rigour and publication bias on efficacy of pharmacotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised, placebo-controlled trials. BMJ Ment Health 2024; 27: e300951.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjment-2023-300951"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dold M, Aigner M, Lanzenberger R, Kasper S: Antipsychotic augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: An update meta-analysis of double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18: pyv047.","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyv047"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perera MPN, Mallawaarachchi S, Miljevic A, Bailey NW, Herring SE, Fitzgerald PB: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized, sham-controlled trials. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2021; 6: 947–60.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.03.010"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou DD, Wang W, Wang GM, Li DQ, Kuang L: An updated meta-analysis: Short-term therapeutic effects of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord 2017; 215: 187–196.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.03.033"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steuber ER, McGuire JF: A meta-analysis of transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2023; 8: 1145–55.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2023.06.003"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinho FP, Duarte GS, Couto FSD: Efficacy, effect on mood symptoms, and safety of deep brain stimulation in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020; 81: 19r12821.","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.19r12821"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonso P, Cuadras D, Gabri\u00ebls L, et al.: Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis of treatment outcome and predictors of response. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0133591.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133591"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veale D, Naismith I, Miles S, Gledhill LJ, Stewart G, Hodsoll J: Outcomes for residential or inpatient intensive treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disordrs 2016; 8: 38–49.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2015.11.005"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zisler EM, Meule A, Endres D, Schennach R, Jelinek L, Voderholzer U: Effects of inpatient, residential, and day-patient treatment on obsessive-compulsive symptoms in persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 176: 182–97.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.06.007"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leichsenring F, Steinert C, Biskup J, et al.: Short-term psychodynamic therapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder—a randomized controlled trial of unmedicated patients. Psychother Psychosom 2026: 1–13.","DOI":"10.1159\/000550421"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Exner C, Kleiman A, Haberkamp A, Hansmeier J, Milde C, Glombiewski JA: Metacognitive therapy versus exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder—A non-inferiority randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord 2024; 104: 102873.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2024.102873"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf N, van Oppen P, Hoogendoorn AW, et al.: Inference-based cognitive behavioral therapy versus cognitive behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A multisite randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Psychother Psychosom 2024; 93: 397–411.","DOI":"10.1159\/000541508"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moritz S, K\u00fclz A, Voderholzer U, Hillebrand T, McKay D, Jelinek L: „Phobie \u00e0 deux“ and other reasons why clinicians do not apply exposure with response prevention in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cogn Behav Ther 2019; 48: 162–76.","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2018.1494750"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jelinek L, Balzar A, Moritz M, Liebherz S, Yassari AH: Exposure therapy in patients with harm-related obsessive-compulsive disorder: The theory-practice gap and its relation to experiential avoidance and negative beliefs about exposure. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord 2024; 40.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2024.100860"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jelinek L, Balzar A, Moritz S, Michael Reininger K, Miegel F: Therapists‘ thought-action fusion beliefs predict utilization of exposure in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Ther 2022; 53: 23–33.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2021.05.004"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fclz AK, Landmann S, Schmidt-Ott M, Zurowski B, Wahl-Kordon A, Voderholzer U: Long-term follow-up of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Symptom severity and the role of exposure 8–10 years after inpatient treatment. J Cogn Psychother 2020; 34: 261–71.","DOI":"10.1891\/JCPSY-D-20-00002"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Vries YA, Roest AM, Burgerhof JGM, de Jonge P: Initial severity and antidepressant efficacy for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder: An individual patient data meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety 2018; 35: 515–22.","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22737"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tollefson GD, Rampey AH Jr, Potvin JH, et al.: A multicenter investigation of fixed-dose fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 559–67.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950070051010"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bloch MH, McGuire J, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Leckman JF, Pittenger C: Meta-analysis of the dose-response relationship of SSRI in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15: 850–5.","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2009.50"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Issari Y, Jakubovski E, Bartley CA, Pittenger C, Bloch MH: Early onset of response with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2016; 77: e605–11.","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14r09758"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kishi T, Sakuma K, Hatano M, Hamanaka S, Nishii Y, Iwata N: Relapse rates in stable obsessive-compulsive disorder after antidepressant discontinuation versus maintenance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2025; 55: e252.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291725101578"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howes OD, Thase ME, Pillinger T: Treatment resistance in psychiatry: State of the art and new directions. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27: 58–72.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01200-3"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denys D, van Megen HJ, van der Wee N, Westenberg HG: A double-blind switch study of paroxetine and venlafaxine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 37–43.","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n0106"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pittenger C: Pharmacotherapeutic strategies and new targets in OCD. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 49: 331–84.","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2020_204"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levy DM, Arush OB, Carmi L, Wetzler AJ, Zohar J: Off-label higher doses of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Safety and tolerability. Compr Psychiatry 2024; 133: 152486.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2024.152486"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ninan PT, Koran LM, Kiev A, et al.: High-dose sertraline strategy for nonresponders to acute treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A multicenter double-blind trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67: 15–22.","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0103"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marazziti D, Golia F, Consoli G, et al.: Effectiveness of long-term augmentation with citalopram to clomipramine in treatment-resistant OCD patients. CNS Spectr 2008; 13: 971–6.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900014024"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kl\u00edrov\u00e1 M, Stanč\u00e1k A, Nov\u00e1k T, van den Heuvel OA: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2026.","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000001107"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horn A, Li N, Dembek TA, et al.: Lead-DBS v2: Towards a comprehensive pipeline for deep brain stimulation imaging. Neuroimage 2019; 184: 293–316.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.08.068"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldermann JC, Sch\u00fcller T, Kohl S, et al.: Connectomic deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90: 678–88.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.07.010"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li N, Baldermann JC, Kibleur A, et al.: A unified connectomic target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Commun 2020; 11: 3364.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16734-3"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref131","unstructured":"Horn A, Li N, Meyer GM, Gadot R, Provenza NR, Sheth SA: Deep brain stimulation response circuits in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2025: S0006–3223(25)01096–0."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graat I, Mocking R, Figee M, et al.: Long-term outcome of deep brain stimulation of the ventral part of the anterior limb of the internal capsule in a cohort of 50 patients with treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90: 714–20.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.08.018"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref133","unstructured":"Visser-Vandewalle V, Andrade P, Mosley PE, et al.: Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A crisis of access. Nat Med 2022; 28: 1529–32."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brakoulias V, Albert U, Chamberlain SR, et al.: Inpatient hospital admissions for people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). A position statement by the international college of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Compr Psychiatry 2026; 147: 152689.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2026.152689"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voderholzer U, Meule A, Koch S, et al.: Effectiveness of one videoconference-based exposure and response prevention session at home in adjunction to inpatient treatment in persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Nonrandomized study. JMIR Ment Health 2024; 11: e52790.","DOI":"10.2196\/52790"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jelinek L, Serve A, Pampuch S, et al.: Exploring the peaks and potholes: Understanding positive and negative effects of concentrated exposure treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord 2024; 43: 100913.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2024.100913"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miegel F, Scheunemann J, Pampuch S, et al.: Exploring the black box: What happens during brief concentrated exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder? Psychother Psychosom 2025; 94: 162–74.","DOI":"10.1159\/000545178"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jelinek L, Yassari AH, Pampuch S, et al.: Brief intervention, lasting impact: One-year outcomes of the Bergen 4-day treatment for OCD in Germany. PLoS One 2026; 21: e0350615.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0350615"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jelinek L, Schr\u00f6der J, B\u00fccker L, et al.: Improving adherence to unguided internet-based therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized controlled trial. J Affect Disord 2023; 338: 472–81.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.06.038"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m L, Flygare O, Ivanova E, et al.: Effectiveness of internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD-NET) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD-NET) in the Swedish public health system using the RE-AIM implementation framework. Internet Interv 2023; 31: 100608.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2023.100608"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miegel F, Jelinek L, Lohse L, et al.: Exposure therapy in mixed reality for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 2025; 8: e2511488.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.11488"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miegel F, Jelinek L, Moritz S, Lohse L, Yassari AH, B\u00fccker L: Mixed results for exposure and response prevention therapy in mixed reality for patients with contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized controlled pilot study. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79: 2317–36.","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23550"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wille L, Lohse L, Moritz S, et al.: Meeting OCD face-to-face: Preliminary findings from an avatar-based dialogue intervention. Digit Health 2026; 12: 20552076261434822.","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076261434822"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaglehole B, Glue P, Neehoff S, et al.: Ketamine for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: Double-blind active-controlled crossover study. J Psychopharmacol 2025; 39: 23–8.","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811241301215"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho DRA, Yang C, Suriaga A, et al.: Glutamatergic medications for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2025; 8: e2452963.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.52963"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marmureanu M, Besoiu MV, Dionisie V, et al.: Ketamine and esketamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A scoping review of clinical and mechanistic evidence. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2026; 19: 628.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19040628"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryan JW, Hassoulas A: BMC psychiatry. Memantine for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. BMC Psychiatry 2026; 26: 130.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-026-07787-7"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellegrini L, Fineberg NA, O‘Connor S, et al.: Single-dose (10 mg) psilocybin reduces symptoms in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pharmacological challenge study. Compr Psychiatry 2025; 142: 152619.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2025.152619"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref149","unstructured":"Baldermann JC, Rolker SS, Czornik M, et al.: Human ventral tegmental local field potentials in treatment-resistant depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2026: S0006–3223(26)01216–3."},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moses Lee A, Kist A, Alvarez J, et al.: Invasive brain mapping identifies personalized therapeutic neuromodulation targets that suppress OCD network activity. Transl Psychiatry 2025; 15: 448.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03690-z"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang KW, Chang JG, Jung HH, Kim CH, Chang JW, Kim SJ: Long-term clinical outcome of a novel bilateral capsulotomy with focused ultrasound in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment. Mol Psychiatry 2025; 30: 1897–905.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02799-9"},{"key":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamani C, Davidson B, Rabin JS, et al.: Long-term safety and efficacy of focused ultrasound capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2025; 97: 698–706.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.08.015"}],"container-title":["Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt international"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:31:02Z","timestamp":1791289862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"references-count":152,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2026.0156","relation":{},"ISSN":["1866-0452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-0452","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]}}}