{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"Qeios"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T15:53:03Z","timestamp":1776095583383,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Qeios Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>As head-mounted displays (HMDs) with eye-tracking become increasingly accessible, the need for effective gaze-based interfaces in virtual reality (VR) grows. Traditional gaze- or hand-based navigation often limits user precision or impairs free viewing, making multitasking difficult. We present a gaze-hand steering technique that combines eye-tracking with hand-pointing: users steer only when gaze aligns with a hand-defined target, reducing unintended actions and enabling free look. Speed is controlled via either a joystick or a waist-level speed circle. We evaluated our method in a user study (N=20) across multitasking and single-task scenarios, comparing it to a similar technique. Results show that gaze-hand steering maintains performance and enhances user comfort and spatial awareness during multitasking. Our findings support the use of gaze-hand steering in gaze-dominant VR applications requiring precision and simultaneous interaction. Our method significantly improves VR navigation in gaze-dominant, multitasking-intensive applications, supporting immersion and efficient control.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.32388\/al2xvb","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T11:08:41Z","timestamp":1744888121000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gaze-Hand Steering for Travel and Multitasking in Virtual Environments"],"prefix":"10.32388","author":[{"given":"Mona","family":"Zavichi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8826-5163","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Catarina","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anderson","family":"Maciel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5441-4637","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"17262","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2019.2905200"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"LaViola Jr JJ, Kruijff E, McMahan RP, Bowman D, Poupyrev IP. _3D user interfaces: theory and practice_. Addison-Wesley Professional; 2017."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/97243.97246"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642147"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3611659.3615693"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581423"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3530882"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3530886"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suma EA, Babu S, Hodges LF. \"Comparison of travel techniques in a complex, multi-level 3d environment.\" In: _Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces_. IEEE; 2007.","DOI":"10.1109\/3DUI.2007.340788"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suma EA, Finkelstein SL, Reid M, Ulinski A, Hodges LF. \"Real walking increases simulator sickness in navigationally complex virtual environments.\" In: _Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE virtual reality conference_. IEEE; 2009. p. 245\u2013246.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2009.4811037"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2012.43"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dam P, Braz P, Raposo A. A Study of Navigation and Selection Techniques in Virtual Environments Using Microsoft Kinect\u00ae. In: Shumaker R, editor. _Virtual Augmented and Mixed Reality. Designing and Developing Augmented and Virtual Environments_. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2013. p. 139-148. ISBN 978-3-642-39405-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39405-8_17"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2017.03.006"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct51615.2020.00040"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suma E, Finkelstein S, Reid M, Babu S, Ulinski A, Hodges LF (2009). \"Evaluation of the cognitive effects of travel technique in complex real and virtual environments\". _IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics_. 16 (4): 690\u2013702.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2009.93"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VRAIS.1997.583043"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christou C, Tzanavari A, Herakleous K, Poullis C. \"Navigation in virtual reality: Comparison of gaze-directed and pointing motion control.\" In: _Proceedings of the 2016 18th Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON)_. IEEE; 2016. p. 1-6.","DOI":"10.1109\/MELCON.2016.7495413"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Zeleznik RC, Forsberg AS, Schulze JP (2005). \"Look-that-there: Exploiting gaze in virtual reality interactions\". _Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA, Tech. Rep. CS-05_."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3106507"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3130859.3131437"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR46266.2020.00060"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025521"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3281505.3281511"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1994.3.2.130"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy RS, Lane NE, Berbaum KS, Lilienthal MG (1993). \"Simulator Sickness Questionnaire: An enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness\". _The International Journal of Aviation Psychology_. 3 (3): 203\u2013220.","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Hancock PA, Meshkati N. _Human mental workload_. Vol. 52. North-Holland Amsterdam; 1988."}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qeios.com\/read\/AL2XVB\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qeios.com\/read\/AL2XVB\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T11:08:43Z","timestamp":1744888123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qeios.com\/read\/AL2XVB"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32388\/al2xvb","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}