{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T16:34:21Z","timestamp":1724430861023},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"National Institute of Public Health NIH (National Research Institute)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Przegl Epidemiol"],"abstract":"<p><strong>ABSTRACT<\/strong><br \/><strong>INTRODUCTION<\/strong>. The results of multiple studies indicate the negative impact of exposure to air pollution on\u00a0human life expectancy. Epidemiological evidence on this relation is in large proportion provided by ecological\u00a0studies, what causes interpretation difficulties. Poland is a country characterized by large territorial differences\u00a0in ambient air pollution and in life expectancy. This promotes analyses of the mentioned relationship based on\u00a0ecological model.\u00a0<br \/><strong>AIM<\/strong>. The aim of the study was to analyse the results of a simple ecological study concerning the relationship\u00a0between life expectancy and air pollution with the focus on the difficulties in interpretation of the results.<br \/><strong>MATERIAL AND METHODS<\/strong>. The study used a simple ecological study approach. We used the official data\u00a0on sex-specific life expectancy for year 2018 and annual average ambient air concentrations of PM2.5 in years\u00a02010-2018 for 10 large metropolitan areas in Poland. The data was used as a marker of long-term air pollution\u00a0levels in particular areas. Associations between life expectancy and air pollution levels were assessed using\u00a0Spearman correlation analysis.<br \/><strong>RESULTS<\/strong>. The analysis concerning exposure to air pollution and life-expectancy in several Polish large\u00a0agglomerations did not show statistically significant associations.<br \/><strong>CONCLUSIONS<\/strong>. Our ecological study did not show statistically significant associations between life\u00a0expectancy and ambient air pollution levels measured by means of PM2.5 concentrations. Ecological nature\u00a0of the population\u2019s exposure marker, without considering many important factors influencing length of life,\u00a0may explain the negative results of the correlation analysis. This is an example of so called ecological fallacy,\u00a0affecting the used model of epidemiological study.<\/p>\n<p><strong>STRESZCZENIE<\/strong><br \/><strong>WPROWADZENIE<\/strong>. Wyniki wielu bada\u0144 wskazuj\u0105 na negatywny wp\u0142yw nara\u017cenia na zanieczyszczenia\u00a0powietrza na przewidywany czas trwania \u017cycia ludzkiego. Dowody epidemiologiczne odno\u015bnie tej relacji s\u0105\u00a0w du\u017cym stopniu generowane przez badania typu ekologicznego, co stwarza trudno\u015bci interpretacyjne. Polska\u00a0charakteryzuje si\u0119 du\u017cym zr\u00f3\u017cnicowaniem terytorialnym w zakresie przewidywanego czasu trwania \u017cycia oraz\u00a0poziomu zanieczyszczenia powietrza, co sprzyja analizom omawianej zale\u017cno\u015bci w oparciu o model badania\u00a0ekologicznego.<br \/><strong>CEL<\/strong>. Celem badania by\u0142a analiza wynik\u00f3w prostego badania ekologicznego dotycz\u0105cego zale\u017cno\u015bci pomi\u0119dzy\u00a0przewidywanym czasem trwania \u017cycia, a zanieczyszczeniem powietrza atmosferycznego, z jednoczesnym\u00a0zwr\u00f3ceniem uwagi na trudno\u015bci interpretacyjne uzyskanych wynik\u00f3w.<br \/><strong>MATERIA\u0141 I METODY<\/strong>. W pracy pos\u0142u\u017cono si\u0119 prostym modelem badania ekologicznego. Wykorzystano\u00a0oficjalne dane dotycz\u0105ce przewidywanego czasu trwania \u017cycia kobiet i m\u0119\u017cczyzn w roku 2018 oraz \u015bredniorocznych\u00a0st\u0119\u017ce\u0144 py\u0142u zawieszonego PM2,5 w latach 2010-2018 dla 10 du\u017cych o\u015brodk\u00f3w miejskich w Polsce. Dane te\u00a0wykorzystano jako marker wieloletniego poziomu zanieczyszczenia powietrza na danym obszarze. Zale\u017cno\u015b\u0107\u00a0pomi\u0119dzy przewidywanym czasem trwania \u017cycia, a poziomem zanieczyszczenia powietrza atmosferycznego\u00a0oceniono wykorzystuj\u0105c analiz\u0119 korelacji Spearmana.<br \/><strong>WYNIKI<\/strong>. Analiza dotycz\u0105ca nara\u017cenia na zanieczyszczenia powietrza i przewidywanego czasu trwania \u017cycia\u00a0w szeregu polskich aglomeracji nie wykaza\u0142a istotnych statystycznie zale\u017cno\u015bci.<br \/><strong>WNIOSKI<\/strong>. Wyniki przeprowadzonej analizy nie wykaza\u0142y zale\u017cno\u015bci pomi\u0119dzy przewidywanym czasem\u00a0trwania \u017cycia, a poziomem zanieczyszczenia powietrza atmosferycznego, wyra\u017conym jako \u015brednie st\u0119\u017cenia\u00a0PM2,5. Ekologiczny wymiar wska\u017anika nara\u017cenia populacji, przy nieuwzgl\u0119dnieniu wielu istotnych czynnik\u00f3w\u00a0kszta\u0142tuj\u0105cych czas trwania \u017cycia, mo\u017ce t\u0142umaczy\u0107 negatywny wynik analizy korelacyjnej i jest czytelnym\u00a0przyk\u0142adem tzw. pu\u0142apki ekologicznej, obci\u0105\u017caj\u0105cej zastosowany model badania epidemiologicznego.<\/p><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.32394\/pe.76.07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T13:23:26Z","timestamp":1657632206000},"page":"58-66","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The relationship between ambient air pollution and life expectancy \u2013 an ecological fallacy revisted"],"prefix":"10.32394","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"K","family":"Kocot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J E","family":"Zejda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"17323","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"container-title":["Przeglad Epidemiologiczny"],"original-title":["Zwi\u0105zek pomi\u0119dzy zanieczyszczeniem powietrza atmosferycznego, a przewidywan\u0105 d\u0142ugo\u015bci\u0105 \u017cycia \u2013 ponowne spojrzenie na problem b\u0142\u0119du ekologiczn"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.przeglepidemiol.pzh.gov.pl\/pdf-181051-101612","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.przeglepidemiol.pzh.gov.pl\/pdf-181051-101612","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T08:44:08Z","timestamp":1709887448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.przeglepidemiol.pzh.gov.pl\/The-relationship-between-ambient-air-pollution-and-life-expectancy-an-ecological,181051,0,2.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"alternative-id":["181051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32394\/pe.76.07","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2100","2545-1898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2100","type":"print"},{"value":"2545-1898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]}}}