{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T13:04:08Z","timestamp":1784293448449,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"National Institute of Public Health NIH (National Research Institute)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Infections brought on by bacteria and fungi pose a serious risk to public healthcare worldwide. The emergence of virulent and resistant microbes has weakened the effectiveness of several antimicrobial therapies. As a result, natural compounds are becoming more and more popular as substitute antibacterial agents. Citrus peels and other by-products are known to contain essential oils with potential biological benefits.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n The current study examines the antimicrobial characteristics of four Moroccan citrus peel essential oils <i>in vitro<\/i>.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n Citrus peels were hydrodistilled to extract the essential oils. Antimicrobial properties were assessed by applying the agar disk-diffusion technique. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal or fungicidal concentration (MBC\/MFC) were ascertained by the broth microdilution method.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The extraction yield of citrus peels ranged from 0.4% to 1.0%. All essential oils have demonstrated antimicrobial activity. <i>Citrus clementina<\/i> was the most effective against <i>Salmonella<\/i> Typhimurium sp. (33.33 \u00b1 2.08 mm), while the essential oil of<i> Citrus sinensis<\/i> demonstrated the strongest antibacterial activity against <i>Bacillus<\/i> sp. (24.50 \u00b1 0.71 mm), <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> (21.00 \u00b1 2.65 mm), <i>Enterococcus faecalis<\/i> (19.00 \u00b1 1.00 mm), and <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens<\/i> (26.00 \u00b1 0.00 mm). For fungal strains, <i>Citrus sinensis<\/i> peel essential oil showed the strongest antifungal efficacy against <i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i> (34.33 \u00b1 0.52 mm) and <i>Candida albicans<\/i> (39.67 \u00b1 1.63 mm).<i> Citrus sinensis<\/i> and <i>Citrus clementina<\/i> peel essential oils exhibited mostly bactericidal and fungicidal effects against the majority of tested strains.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Moroccan citrus peel essential oils exhibited strong antimicrobial properties, highlighting their potential as natural substances and supporting their valorization in biomedicine and industrial applications.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.32394\/rpzh\/224657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T10:56:06Z","timestamp":1782384966000},"page":"43-50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of citrus peel essential oils from four Moroccan citrus varieties"],"prefix":"10.32394","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3908-7250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loubna","family":"Ouahmane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9297-2493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Abdessadek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anass","family":"Kchikich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bouchra","family":"Bouftila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5438-202X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karim","family":"Sbihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3880-1615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasna","family":"Boura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6249-4742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oukacha","family":"Amri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5864-9564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belkassem","family":"El Amraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"17323","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"container-title":["Roczniki Pa\u0144stwowego Zak\u0142adu Higieny"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/roczniki.pzh.gov.pl\/pdf-224657-141531","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/roczniki.pzh.gov.pl\/pdf-224657-141531","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T12:26:25Z","timestamp":1784291185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/roczniki.pzh.gov.pl\/Antibacterial-and-antifungal-efficacy-of-citrus-peel-essential-oils-from-four-Moroccan,224657,0,2.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"alternative-id":["224657"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32394\/rpzh\/224657","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-7715","2451-2311"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-7715","type":"print"},{"value":"2451-2311","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]}}}