{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T09:55:53Z","timestamp":1774778153312,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"National Institute of Public Health NIH (National Research Institute)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig"],"abstract":"<p><strong>ABSTRACT<\/strong><br \/><strong>Background<\/strong>. One of the important source of food contamination with elements harmful to human health such as lead or\u00a0cadmium is migration from the articles intended to come into contact with food. Ceramic and glass articles can also be\u00a0a source of zinc and copper which compounds are used during the production process of vessels.<br \/><strong>Objective<\/strong>. Determination of migration of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper from ceramic and glass wares available on the\u00a0market in Poland and assessment of consumer exposure to these elements.<br \/><strong>Material and methods<\/strong>. Ceramic and glass articles which were available on the retail market and mainly produced in\u00a0China were tested for release of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper. Samples for testing were prepared in accordance with\u00a0European Standards: EN 1388-1 and EN 1388-2 and the migration of elements into a food simulant (4% acetic acid) was\u00a0measured using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Validated and accredited methods according to EN ISO\/IEC 17025:2005 meeting the criteria set in the legislation were applied. Exposure assessment was performed taking into\u00a0account actual reference doses introduced by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the Joint FAO\/WHO Expert\u00a0Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).<br \/><strong>Results<\/strong>. 736 samples of ceramic and glass wares were tested. Among investigated samples for migration of lead 82% of results\u00a0were below limit of quantification (LOQ = 0.1 mg\/L) of the analytical method used. For cadmium zinc and copper results below\u00a0LOQ were found in 94%, 79% and 100% tested samples, respectively (Cd LOQ = 0.01mg\/L; Zn LOQ = 0.05 mg\/L; Cu LOQ\u00a0= 0.03 mg\/L). Only one sample release lead in amount higher than limit set in Polish Standard PN-B-13210:1997, it was rim of\u00a0the glass mug and migration value was 4.81 mg\/article. In case of cadmium there were two samples which exceeded permissible\u00a0migration limit, it was flat ceramic dish and the rim of the glass mug, migration values were: 0.14 mg\/dm2 and 0.42 mg\/article\u00a0respectively. The most measurable results (above LOQ) in case of lead and cadmium were for the samples of ceramic and glass\u00a0drinking vessels. Quantifiable amounts of zinc were found also in other groups of articles tested: flat and deep ceramic dishes.\u00a0None of the tested articles released copper in amount higher than LOQ value. The risk assessment showed that lead and cadmium\u00a0exposure for some of the samples far exceed the reference doses. For children, assuming a single use only of these vessels, these\u00a0doses may be exceeded: in the case of lead, 69 times and in the case of cadmium, 8 times.<br \/><strong>Conclusions<\/strong>. It is the urgent need to introduce requirements into the applicable legislation for the rim area of drinking\u00a0ceramic and glass vessels to reduce exposure especially by the most vulnerable groups of population such as children.<\/p>\n<p><strong>STRESZCZENIE<\/strong><br \/><strong>Wprowadzenie<\/strong>. Jednym z istotnych \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 zanieczyszczenia \u017cywno\u015bci pierwiastkami szkodliwymi dla zdrowia cz\u0142owieka,\u00a0takimi jak o\u0142\u00f3w lub kadm, jest ich migracja z wyrob\u00f3w do kontaktu z \u017cywno\u015bci\u0105. Wyroby ceramiczne i szklane mog\u0105\u00a0by\u0107 r\u00f3wnie\u017c \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142em pobrania poza o\u0142owiem i kadmem innych pierwiastk\u00f3w, kt\u00f3rych zwi\u0105zki s\u0105 wykorzystywane podczas\u00a0procesu produkcji naczy\u0144, takich jak cynk i mied\u017a.<br \/><strong>Cel<\/strong>. Celem bada\u0144 by\u0142o zbadanie migracji o\u0142owiu, kadmu, cynku i miedzi z wyrob\u00f3w ceramicznych oraz wyrob\u00f3w szklanych\u00a0dost\u0119pnych na rynku w Polsce oraz oszacowanie nara\u017cenia konsument\u00f3w na te pierwiastki.<br \/><strong>Materia\u0142 i metody<\/strong>. Wyroby ceramiczne i szklane dost\u0119pne na rynku detalicznym i produkowane g\u0142\u00f3wnie w Chinach,\u00a0zosta\u0142y zbadane pod k\u0105tem uwalniania o\u0142owiu, kadmu, cynku i miedzi. Pr\u00f3bki do bada\u0144 przygotowano zgodnie z normami\u00a0europejskimi: EN 1388-1 i EN 1388-2, a migracja pierwiastk\u00f3w do p\u0142ynu modelowego (4% kwasu octowego) by\u0142a mierzona\u00a0metod\u0105 p\u0142omieniowej atomowej spektrometrii absorpcji (FAAS). Stosowano zwalidowane i akredytowane metody\u00a0zgodne z EN ISO\/IEC 17025: 2005 spe\u0142niaj\u0105ce kryteria okre\u015blone w ustawodawstwie. Ocen\u0119 nara\u017cenia przeprowadzono\u00a0przy uwzgl\u0119dnieniu aktualnych dawek referencyjnych okre\u015blonych przez Europejski Urz\u0105d ds. Bezpiecze\u0144stwa \u017bywno\u015bci\u00a0(EFSA) i Po\u0142\u0105czony Komitet Ekspert\u00f3w FAO\/WHO ds. Dodatk\u00f3w do \u017bywno\u015bci (JECFA).<br \/><strong>Wyniki<\/strong>. Zbadano 736 pr\u00f3bek wyrob\u00f3w ceramicznych i szklanych. W\u015br\u00f3d badanych pr\u00f3bek w kierunku migracji o\u0142owiu 82%\u00a0wynik\u00f3w by\u0142o poni\u017cej granicy oznaczalno\u015bci (LOQ = 0.1 mg\/L) zastosowanej metody analitycznej. Dla kadmu, cynku i miedzi\u00a0wyniki poni\u017cej LOQ stwierdzono odpowiednio w: 94% 79% i 100% zbadanych pr\u00f3bek (Cd LOQ = 0.01mg\/L; Zn LOQ = 0.05\u00a0mg\/L; Cu LOQ = 0.03 mg\/L). Tylko dla jednej pr\u00f3bki stwierdzono uwalnianie o\u0142owiu w ilo\u015bci wy\u017cszej ni\u017c dopuszczalny poziom\u00a0okre\u015blony w polskiej normie PN-B-13210:1997, by\u0142 to kubek szklany, a warto\u015b\u0107 migracji z obrze\u017ca naczynia wynios\u0142a 4,81 mg\/wyr\u00f3b. W przypadku kadmu dwie pr\u00f3bki przekroczy\u0142y dopuszczalny limit, by\u0142o to p\u0142askie ceramiczne naczynie i obrze\u017ce szklanego\u00a0kubka, warto\u015bci migracji wynosi\u0142y odpowiednio: 0,14 mg\/dm2 i 0,42 mg\/wyr\u00f3b. Najwi\u0119cej mierzalnych wynik\u00f3w (powy\u017cej\u00a0LOQ) w przypadku o\u0142owiu i kadmu by\u0142o w\u015br\u00f3d pr\u00f3bek ceramicznych i szklanych naczy\u0144 do picia. Wyniki mierzalne dla cynku\u00a0znaleziono r\u00f3wnie\u017c w innych grupach badanych produkt\u00f3w tj.: p\u0142askich i g\u0142\u0119bokich naczy\u0144 ceramicznych. \u017badna z badanych\u00a0pr\u00f3bek nie uwalnia\u0142a miedzi w ilo\u015bci wy\u017cszej ni\u017c warto\u015b\u0107 granicy oznaczalno\u015bci (LOQ). Ocena ryzyka wykaza\u0142a, \u017ce nara\u017cenie\u00a0na o\u0142\u00f3w i kadm w przypadku niekt\u00f3rych zbadanych naczy\u0144 znacznie przekracza dawki referencyjne. W przypadku dzieci, przyjmuj\u0105c\u00a0jednorazowe tylko u\u017cycie tych naczy\u0144, dawki te mog\u0105 zosta\u0107 przekroczone: dla o\u0142owiu - 69 razy, dla kadmu - 8 razy.<br \/><strong>Wnioski<\/strong>. Istnieje pilna potrzeba ustalenia wymaga\u0144 dla obrze\u017ca naczy\u0144 ceramicznych i szklanych w obowi\u0105zuj\u0105cych przepisach,\u00a0w celu zmniejszenia nara\u017cenia, zw\u0142aszcza przez najbardziej wra\u017cliwe grupy populacji takie jak dzieci.<\/p><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.32394\/rpzh.2018.0047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]],"date-time":"2018-12-07T09:42:58Z","timestamp":1544175778000},"page":"405-411","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exposure assessment to lead, cadmium, zinc and copper released from ceramic and glass wares intended to come into contact with food"],"prefix":"10.32394","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Monika","family":"Mania","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Szynal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Rebeniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Postupolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"17323","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]]},"container-title":["Roczniki Pa\u0144stwowego Zak\u0142adu Higieny"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/roczniki.pzh.gov.pl\/pdf-182544-103040","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/roczniki.pzh.gov.pl\/pdf-182544-103040","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T11:15:07Z","timestamp":1768475707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/roczniki.pzh.gov.pl\/Exposure-assessment-to-lead-cadmium-zinc-and-copper-released-from-ceramic-and-glass,182544,0,2.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"alternative-id":["182544"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32394\/rpzh.2018.0047","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-7715","2451-2311"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-7715","type":"print"},{"value":"2451-2311","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]]}}}