{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T13:30:35Z","timestamp":1775223035357,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"National Institute of Public Health NIH (National Research Institute)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig"],"abstract":"<p><strong>ABSTRACT<\/strong><br \/><strong>Background.<\/strong> According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), vegetable and vegetable products can significantly\u00a0contribute to dietary nickel intake. Consumption of vegetable across European Union can vary significantly and\u00a0depends on consumption habits in individual Member States. Toxicity of Ni is dependent on the chemical form, the route\u00a0of exposure and solubility of nickel compounds.<br \/><strong>Objectives.<\/strong> Determination of nickel content in commercially available vegetables and vegetable products and assessment\u00a0of consumer exposure to Ni intake with these groups of foodstuffs.<br \/><strong>Materials and methods.<\/strong> 66 samples of vegetables and their products were analysed for nickel content. Nickel was determined\u00a0after microwave mineralization of samples by atomic absorption spectrometry with a graphite furnace atomization\u00a0(GFAAS). Nitric acid and perhydrol were used for the mineralization of the samples. The estimated exposure for adults\u00a0and children was compared with the tolerable daily intake (TDI -Tolerable Daily Intake) set by the European Food Safety\u00a0Authority at 2.8 \u03bcg \/kg body weight (b.w.) per day.<br \/><strong>Results.<\/strong> Mean (MB-middle bound) Ni content from all investigated vegetable samples was 0.09 mg\/kg (95th percentile\u00a0MB 0.23 mg\/kg). In vegetable products, mean Ni concentration was 0.191 mg\/kg (95th percentile: 0.67 mg\/kg). The highest\u00a0nickel level was determined in the sample of roman lettuce (0.32 mg\/kg), whereas lowest contamination was observed\u00a0in the sample of onion (0.04 mg\/kg). Contamination of investigated fruiting and leaf vegetable with nickel was slightly\u00a0higher than root and bulb vegetables. The estimated average adults exposure to nickel from vegetable taking into account\u00a0maximum absorption was 4.8% of TDI and 16.8% of TDI and does not pose a health risk. Exposure to nickel from vegetable\u00a0products was 1.9% and 6.8% TDI, respectively.<br \/><strong>Conclusions.<\/strong> Obtained results demonstrate that dietary nickel intake from vegetables and their products do not constitute\u00a0a significant health threat to consumers in Poland.<\/p>\n<p><strong>STRESZCZENIE<\/strong><br \/><strong>Wprowadzenie.<\/strong> Warzywa i produkty warzywne nale\u017c\u0105 do grupy \u015brodk\u00f3w spo\u017cywczych, kt\u00f3re wed\u0142ug Europejskiego Urz\u0119du\u00a0ds. Bezpiecze\u0144stwa \u017bywno\u015bci (EFSA) mog\u0105 wnosi\u0107 istotny udzia\u0142 do pobrania niklu z diet\u0105. Spo\u017cycie warzyw w Unii Europejskiej\u00a0mo\u017ce si\u0119 znacznie r\u00f3\u017cni\u0107 i zale\u017cy od nawyk\u00f3w konsumpcyjnych panuj\u0105cych w poszczeg\u00f3lnych pa\u0144stwach cz\u0142onkowskich.\u00a0Toksyczno\u015b\u0107 niklu zale\u017cy od postaci chemicznej, drogi nara\u017cenia i rozpuszczalno\u015bci zwi\u0105zk\u00f3w niklu.<br \/><strong>Cel bada\u0144.<\/strong> Oznaczenie zawarto\u015bci niklu w warzywach i produktach warzywnych dost\u0119pnych w obrocie handlowym oraz\u00a0ocena nara\u017cenia konsument\u00f3w na pobranie niklu z tymi grupami \u015brodk\u00f3w spo\u017cywczych.<br \/><strong>Materia\u0142 i metody.<\/strong> Analizie na zawarto\u015b\u0107 niklu poddano 66 pr\u00f3bek warzyw i ich produkt\u00f3w, pochodz\u0105cych z obrotu handlowego.\u00a0Zawarto\u015b\u0107 niklu oznaczono po mineralizacji mikrofalowej pr\u00f3bek metod\u0105 absorpcyjnej spektrometrii atomowej z wykorzystaniem\u00a0kuwety grafitowej (GFAAS). Do mineralizacji pr\u00f3bek wykorzystano kwas azotowy oraz perhydrol. Oszacowane nara\u017cenie\u00a0w odniesieniu do os\u00f3b doros\u0142ych oraz dzieci por\u00f3wnano z warto\u015bci\u0105 tolerowanego dziennego pobrania (TDI \u2013Tolerable Daily\u00a0Intake) ustalon\u0105 przez Europejski Urz\u0105d ds. Bezpiecze\u0144stwa \u017bywno\u015bci ustalon\u0105 na poziomie 2,8 \u03bcg\/kg m.c.\/dzie\u0144).<br \/><strong>Wyniki.<\/strong> \u015arednia zawarto\u015b\u0107 Ni (MB \u2013 middle bound) ze wszystkich badanych pr\u00f3bek warzyw wynios\u0142a 0,09 mg\/kg (95-percentyl\u00a0MB 0,23 mg\/kg). W produktach ro\u015blinnych \u015brednie st\u0119\u017cenie Ni wynosi\u0142o 0,191 mg\/kg (95-percentyl: 0,67 mg\/kg).<br \/>Najwy\u017cszy poziom niklu oznaczono w pr\u00f3bce sa\u0142aty rzymskiej (0,32 mg\/kg), natomiast najni\u017csze zanieczyszczenie niklem\u00a0zaobserwowano w pr\u00f3bce cebuli (0,04 mg\/kg). Zanieczyszczenie badanych warzyw owocowych i li\u015bciastych niklem by\u0142o\u00a0nieco wy\u017csze ni\u017c warzyw korzeniowych i cebulowych. Oszacowane \u015brednie nara\u017cenie dla os\u00f3b doros\u0142ych na nikiel pochodz\u0105cy z warzyw, bior\u0105c pod uwag\u0119 maksymalne wch\u0142anianie, wynios\u0142o 4,8% TDI i 16,8% TDI i nie stanowi zagro\u017cenia dla\u00a0zdrowia. Nara\u017cenie na nikiel z produkt\u00f3w warzywnych wynios\u0142o odpowiednio: 1,9% i 6,8% TDI.<br \/><strong>Wnioski.<\/strong> Uzyskane wyniki wskazuj\u0105, \u017ce pobranie niklu w diecie z warzyw i ich produkt\u00f3w nie stanowi istotnego zagro\u017cenia\u00a0dla zdrowia konsument\u00f3w w Polsce.<\/p><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.32394\/rpzh.2019.0095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T07:13:33Z","timestamp":1579590813000},"page":"401-406","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exposure assessment of the population in Poland to the toxic effects of nickel from vegetable and their products"],"prefix":"10.32394","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Monika","family":"Mania","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Rebeniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Postupolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"17323","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"container-title":["Roczniki Pa\u0144stwowego Zak\u0142adu Higieny"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/roczniki.pzh.gov.pl\/pdf-182587-103083","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/roczniki.pzh.gov.pl\/pdf-182587-103083","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T11:11:38Z","timestamp":1768475498000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/roczniki.pzh.gov.pl\/Exposure-assessment-of-the-population-in-Poland-to-the-toxic-effects-of-nickel-from,182587,0,2.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}},"alternative-id":["182587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32394\/rpzh.2019.0095","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-7715","2451-2311"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-7715","type":"print"},{"value":"2451-2311","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]}}}