{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T08:41:48Z","timestamp":1771922508774,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"National Institute of Public Health NIH (National Research Institute)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig"],"abstract":"<p><strong>ABSTRACT<\/strong><br \/><strong>Background.<\/strong> Cereal grains and their products are among the basic components of the diet all over the world. Their\u00a0consumption varies depending on the dietary habits in each country. Apart from ingredients valuable from a health point\u00a0of view, these products can also be a source of contaminants. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) included these\u00a0foodstuffs in the group of main contributors to the dietary exposure to nickel by different groups of the population.<br \/><strong>Objective.<\/strong> The aim of the studies was to determine the nickel content in cereal grains and selected cereal products\u00a0commercially available in Poland and to assess the exposure of consumers to nickel intake with these foodstuffs.<br \/><strong>Material and methods.<\/strong> A total of 56 samples of cereal grain and cereal products from trade were tested. Nickel content\u00a0was determined after microwave mineralization of the samples by atomic absorption spectrometry with a graphite furnace\u00a0atomization (GFAAS). The estimated exposure for the different groups of the population was assessed and compared\u00a0with the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) value established by the European Food Safety Authority based on an updated risk\u00a0assessment at 13 \u03bcg\/kg body weight (b.w.) per day.<br \/><strong>Results.<\/strong> The mean (MB) and 95th percentile (MB) nickel content in investigated samples of cereal grains and their\u00a0products were 0.66 mg\/kg and 1.93 mg\/kg. The mean content of Ni in the analyzed samples of grains was 1.16 mg\/kg.<br \/>Obtained results in this group of products ranged from 0.10 mg\/kg for rye to 4.80 mg\/kg for millet. In the group of grain\u00a0products, the mean (MB) concentration of nickel was 0.61 mg\/kg (95th percentile (MB) 1.84 mg\/kg). The highest nickel\u00a0level was determined in the samples of bran, groats, and flakes compared to other grain-based products. The highest\u00a0content of Ni in the group of cereal products was found in the samples of roasted buckwheat 1.81 mg\/kg and oat flakes\u00a02.53 mg\/kg. Significantly lower nickel content was observed in barley groats as well as for pasta and flour.<br \/>The estimated average exposure of adults and children to nickel intake with grains and grain-based products ranged from\u00a01.1% to 13.4% of TDI and it does not pose a health risk for consumers.<br \/><strong>Conclusions.<\/strong> Based on the obtained results, it was found that the nickel content in the tested samples of cereals and their\u00a0products does not pose a health risk, even though the contamination of individual samples was significant.<\/p>\n<p><strong>STRESZCZENIE<\/strong><br \/><strong>Wprowadzenie.<\/strong> Ziarna zb\u00f3\u017c i produkty na ich bazie s\u0105 zaliczane do podstawowych sk\u0142adnik\u00f3w diety na ca\u0142ym \u015bwiecie.<br \/>Ich spo\u017cycie jest zr\u00f3\u017cnicowane w zale\u017cno\u015bci od nawyk\u00f3w \u017cywieniowych panuj\u0105cych w poszczeg\u00f3lnych krajach.<br \/>Poza cennymi ze zdrowotnego punktu widzenia sk\u0142adnikami produkty te mog\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c stanowi\u0107 \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o pobrania\u00a0zanieczyszcze\u0144. Europejski Urz\u0105d ds. Bezpiecze\u0144stwa \u017bywno\u015bci zaliczy\u0142 te \u015brodki spo\u017cywcze do grupy g\u0142\u00f3wnych\u00a0sk\u0142adnik\u00f3w mog\u0105cych wnosi\u0107 istotny udzia\u0142 do pobrania niklu z diet\u0105 przez r\u00f3\u017cne grupy populacji.<br \/><strong>Cel bada\u0144.<\/strong> Celem bada\u0144 by\u0142o oznaczenie zawarto\u015bci niklu w wybranych ziarnach zb\u00f3\u017c i produkt\u00f3w zbo\u017cowych\u00a0dost\u0119pnych w obrocie handlowym w Polsce oraz ocena nara\u017cenia konsument\u00f3w na pobranie niklu z tymi grupami\u00a0\u015brodk\u00f3w spo\u017cywczych.<br \/><strong>Materia\u0142 i metody.<\/strong> Zbadano \u0142\u0105cznie 56 pr\u00f3bek zb\u00f3\u017c oraz produkt\u00f3w zbo\u017cowych pochodz\u0105cych z obrotu handlowego.<br \/>Zawarto\u015b\u0107 niklu oznaczono po mineralizacji mikrofalowej pr\u00f3bek metod\u0105 absorpcyjnej spektrometrii atomowej\u00a0z wykorzystaniem kuwety grafitowej (GFAAS). Oszacowane nara\u017cenie w odniesieniu do r\u00f3\u017cnych grup populacji\u00a0por\u00f3wnano z warto\u015bci\u0105 tolerowanego dziennego pobrania \u2013 TDI (Tolerable Daily Intake) ustalon\u0105 przez Europejski Urz\u0105d\u00a0ds. Bezpiecze\u0144stwa \u017bywno\u015bci na podstawie uaktualnionej oceny ryzyka na poziomie 13 \u03bcg\/kg m.c.\/dzie\u0144.<br \/><strong>Wyniki.<\/strong> \u015arednia zawarto\u015b\u0107 niklu (MB) w badanych pr\u00f3bkach ziaren zb\u00f3\u017c i ich produkt\u00f3w wynios\u0142a: 0,66 mg\/kg (95-percentyl MB 1,93 mg\/kg). \u015arednia zawarto\u015b\u0107 Ni w analizowanych pr\u00f3bkach ziaren zb\u00f3\u017c wynios\u0142a 1,16 mg\/kg. Uzyskane wyniki w tej grupie produkt\u00f3w waha\u0142y si\u0119 od 0,10 mg\/kg dla \u017cyta do 4,80 mg\/kg dla prosa. W grupie\u00a0produkt\u00f3w zbo\u017cowych \u015brednie (MB) st\u0119\u017cenie niklu wynios\u0142o 0,61 mg\/kg (95 percentyl (MB), 1,84 mg\/ kg). Najwy\u017csz\u0105\u00a0zawarto\u015b\u0107 Ni stwierdzono w pr\u00f3bkach: otr\u0105b, kasz i p\u0142atk\u00f3w w por\u00f3wnaniu z innymi produktami zbo\u017cowymi. W grupie\u00a0przetwor\u00f3w zbo\u017cowych najwy\u017csz\u0105 zawarto\u015b\u0107 Ni stwierdzono w pr\u00f3bce gryki pra\u017conej 1,81 mg\/kg i p\u0142atk\u00f3w owsianych\u00a02,53 mg\/kg. Znacz\u0105co ni\u017csz\u0105 zawarto\u015b\u0107 Ni otrzymano w kaszach j\u0119czmiennych oraz w makaronie i m\u0105ce.<br \/>Oszacowane \u015brednie nara\u017cenie doros\u0142ych i dzieci na pobranie Ni z ziarnami zb\u00f3\u017c i produktami zbo\u017cowymi wynios\u0142o od\u00a01.1% do 13,4% TDI i nie stanowi ono zagro\u017cenia dla zdrowia konsument\u00f3w.<br \/><strong>Wnioski.<\/strong> Na podstawie uzyskanych wynik\u00f3w stwierdzono, \u017ce zawarto\u015b\u0107 niklu w zbadanych pr\u00f3bkach zb\u00f3\u017c i produkt\u00f3w\u00a0zbo\u017cowych nie stanowi zagro\u017cenia dla zdrowia, pomimo i\u017c zanieczyszczenie pojedynczych pr\u00f3bek by\u0142o istotne.<\/p><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.32394\/rpzh.2020.0142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T08:19:28Z","timestamp":1608711568000},"page":"371-376","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Assessment of exposure to nickel intake with selected cereal grains and cereal-based products"],"prefix":"10.32394","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Monika","family":"Mania","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Rebeniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oksana","family":"Orshulyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Postupolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"17323","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"container-title":["Roczniki Pa\u0144stwowego Zak\u0142adu Higieny"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/roczniki.pzh.gov.pl\/pdf-182634-103130","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/roczniki.pzh.gov.pl\/pdf-182634-103130","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T11:08:25Z","timestamp":1768475305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/roczniki.pzh.gov.pl\/Assessment-of-exposure-to-nickel-intake-with-selected-cereal-grains-and-cereal-based,182634,0,2.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"alternative-id":["182634"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32394\/rpzh.2020.0142","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-7715","2451-2311"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-7715","type":"print"},{"value":"2451-2311","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}}}