{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:19:23Z","timestamp":1790741963265,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"National Institute of Public Health NIH (National Research Institute)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig"],"abstract":"<p><strong>ABSTRACT<\/strong><br \/><strong>Background<\/strong>. Fruit and fruit products are important part of our daily diet. In addition to the ingredients necessary for the\u00a0proper functioning of the body, these products can also be a source of intake elements harmful to human health.\u00a0<br \/><strong>Objective<\/strong>. Analysis of the results of monitoring studies conducted in Poland in 2015 concerning contamination of lead\u00a0(Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and tin (Sn) in fruit and fruit products and exposure assessment.<br \/><strong>Material and methods<\/strong>. Approximately 600 samples of fresh, frozen, dried fruits, fruit preserves and canned fruits\u00a0were tested. The laboratories of State Sanitary Inspection were involved in testing. Accredited and validated analytical\u00a0methods were used. The test samples were prepared in accordance with the standard PN-EN 13804:2013. The contents\u00a0of lead, cadmium and tin were determined by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) or flameless with\u00a0electrothermal atomization spectrometry (GFAAS); arsenic by using hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry\u00a0method (HGAAS) and mercury the \"cold vapor\" atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS) method.<br \/><strong>Results<\/strong>. Contamination of investigated samples with elements harmful to human health (Pb, Ca, As, Hg and Sn does not\u00a0rise concern to human health and was in most cases comparable with contamination reported in other European Union\u00a0countries. The estimated average exposure of adults and children to lead intake with fruit and fruit products ranged from\u00a00.5% to 14.6% of the respective Benchmark Dose Lower Confidence Limit (BMDL) established by the European Food\u00a0Safety Authority (EFSA). The mean intake of cadmium with these groups of foodstuffs was in the range 0.3 - 8.5% of the\u00a0TWI value (Tolerable Weekly Intake) established by EFSA for adults and children (0.1 - 3.6% of the PTMI (Provisional\u00a0Tolerable Monthly Intake) established by JECFA. In case of arsenic mean intake was in the range 0.5 - 1.6% BMDL whilst\u00a0for mercury (inorganic form) intake represented 0.5 - 1.4% of TWI value established by JECFA and then confirmed by\u00a0EFSA.<br \/><strong>Conclusions<\/strong>. Based on the obtained results, it was found that content of Pb, Cd, As, Hg and Sn in the tested samples\u00a0of fruit and their products does not pose a risk to consumer health. Estimated exposure of consumers does not exceed\u00a0tolerable doses established by EFSA and JECFA for these elements.<\/p>\n<p><strong>STRESZCZENIE<\/strong><br \/><strong>Wprowadzenie<\/strong>. Owoce i przetwory owocowe stanowi\u0105 istotn\u0105 cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 naszej codziennej diety. Poza sk\u0142adnikami\u00a0niezb\u0119dnymi do prawid\u0142owego funkcjonowania organizmu, produkty te mog\u0105 by\u0107 r\u00f3wnie\u017c \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142em pobrania pierwiastk\u00f3w\u00a0szkodliwych dla zdrowia.<br \/><strong>Cel bada\u0144<\/strong>. Analiza wynik\u00f3w bada\u0144 monitoringowych przeprowadzonych w Polsce w 2015 roku dotycz\u0105cych\u00a0zanieczyszczenia owoc\u00f3w i produkt\u00f3w owocowych pierwiastkami szkodliwymi dla zdrowia - o\u0142owiem (Pb), kadmem\u00a0(Cd), arsenem (As), rt\u0119ci\u0105 (Hg) i cyn\u0105 (Sn) oraz ocena nara\u017cenia.<br \/><strong>Materia\u0142 i metody<\/strong>. Przebadano oko\u0142o 600 pr\u00f3bek \u015bwie\u017cych, mro\u017conych i suszonych owoc\u00f3w, przetwor\u00f3w owocowych\u00a0i owoc\u00f3w w puszkach. W badania zaanga\u017cowane by\u0142y laboratoria Pa\u0144stwowej Inspekcji Sanitarnej. Zastosowano\u00a0akredytowane i zwalidowane metody analityczne. Pr\u00f3bki do bada\u0144 zosta\u0142y przygotowane zgodnie z norm\u0105 PN-EN\u00a013804:2013. Zawarto\u015b\u0107 o\u0142owiu, kadmu i cyny oznaczono metod\u0105 p\u0142omieniow\u0105 absorpcyjnej spektrometrii atomowej\u00a0(FAAS) lub bezp\u0142omieniow\u0105 z atomizacj\u0105 elektrotermiczn\u0105 (GFAAS); arsen przy u\u017cyciu metody absorpcyjnej\u00a0spektrometrii atomowej z generowaniem wodork\u00f3w (HGAAS) oraz rt\u0119ci metod\u0105 \u201ezimnych par\u201d (CVAAS). Oceny\u00a0nara\u017cenia na badane pierwiastki pobrane z owocami i produktami owocowymi dokonano bior\u0105c pod uwag\u0119 \u015brednie\u00a0uzyskane poziomy zanieczyszczania oraz \u015brednie spo\u017cycie tych grup \u015brodk\u00f3w spo\u017cywczych w Polsce.<br \/><strong>Wyniki<\/strong>. Zanieczyszczenie badanych pr\u00f3bek Pb, Cd, As, Hg i Sn nie budzi obaw zdrowotnych i w wi\u0119kszo\u015bci przypadk\u00f3w\u00a0by\u0142o por\u00f3wnywalne z zanieczyszczeniem stwierdzanym w innych krajach europejskich. Oszacowane \u015brednie nara\u017cenie\u00a0doros\u0142ych i dzieci zwi\u0105zane z pobraniem o\u0142owiu z owocami i produktami owocowymi waha\u0142o si\u0119 od 0,5% do 14,6%\u00a0najni\u017cszej dawki wyznaczaj\u0105cej \u2013 BMDL (Benchmark Dose Lower Confidence Limit) ustanowionej przez Europejski\u00a0Urz\u0105d ds. Bezpiecze\u0144stwa \u017bywno\u015bci (EFSA). \u015arednie pobranie kadmu z tymi grupami \u015brodk\u00f3w spo\u017cywczych waha\u0142o\u00a0si\u0119 od 0,3% do 8,5% tymczasowego tolerowanego tygodniowego spo\u017cycia \u2013 TWI (Tolerable Weekly Intake) ustalonego\u00a0przez EFSA dla doros\u0142ych i dzieci (0,1 - 3,6% PTMI - tymczasowe tolerowane miesi\u0119czne pobranie) ustalonego przez\u00a0JECFA. W przypadku arsenu \u015brednie pobranie mie\u015bci\u0142o si\u0119 w zakresie 0,5 -1,6% BMDL, podczas gdy dla rt\u0119ci (forma\u00a0nieorganiczna) stanowi\u0142o 0,5 - 1,4% warto\u015bci TWI.<br \/><strong>Wnioski<\/strong>. Na podstawie uzyskanych wynik\u00f3w stwierdzono, \u017ce zawarto\u015b\u0107 Pb, Cd, As, Hg i Sn w badanych pr\u00f3bkach\u00a0owoc\u00f3w i przetwor\u00f3w owocowych nie stanowi zagro\u017cenia dla zdrowia konsumenta. Oszacowane nara\u017cenie konsument\u00f3w\u00a0nie przekracza tolerowanych dawek ustalonych przez EFSA oraz JECFA dla tych pierwiastk\u00f3w.<\/p><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.32394\/rpzh.2021.0188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T10:24:02Z","timestamp":1639736642000},"page":"353-360","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The content of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and tin in fruit and their products based on monitoring studies \u2013 exposure assessment"],"prefix":"10.32394","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Monika","family":"Mania","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Rebeniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Chabros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oksana","family":"Orshulyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Postupolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"17323","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"container-title":["Roczniki Pa\u0144stwowego Zak\u0142adu Higieny"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/roczniki.pzh.gov.pl\/pdf-182685-103181","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/roczniki.pzh.gov.pl\/pdf-182685-103181","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T11:02:40Z","timestamp":1768474960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/roczniki.pzh.gov.pl\/The-content-of-lead-cadmium-arsenic-mercury-and-tin-in-fruit-and-their-products-based,182685,0,2.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"alternative-id":["182685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32394\/rpzh.2021.0188","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-7715","2451-2311"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-7715","type":"print"},{"value":"2451-2311","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]}}}