{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T23:42:04Z","timestamp":1775000524049,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Tech Science Press","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]],"date-time":"2024-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":258,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/TSP-CROSSMARKPOLICY"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CMC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2024.050815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T08:20:11Z","timestamp":1725351611000},"page":"4895-4916","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/tsp-crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Optimized Phishing Detection with Recurrent Neural Network and Whale Optimizer Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.32604","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Brij Bhooshan","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akshat","family":"Gaurav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Razaz Waheeb","family":"Attar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Varsha","family":"Arya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alhomoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwok Tai","family":"Chui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"17807","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. M. Ali and N. F. Mohd Zaharon, \u201cPhishing\u2014A cyber fraud: The types, implications and governance,\u201d Int. J. Educ. Reform, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 101\u2013121, 2024. doi: 10.1177\/10567879221082966.","DOI":"10.1177\/10567879221082966"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11117","DOI":"10.1002\/int.23035","article-title":"A content and URL analysis-based efficient approach to detect smishing SMS in intelligent systems","volume":"37","author":"Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Phishing attacks: Unraveling tactics, threats, and defenses in the cybersecurity landscape","author":"Kheruddin","year":"Jan. 15, 2024","journal-title":"TechRxiv"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/17517575.2021.1896786","article-title":"A survey of phishing attack techniques, defence mechanisms and open research challenges","volume":"16","author":"Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Enterp. Inform. Syst."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19442-8","article-title":"Piracema: A Phishing snapshot database for building dataset features","volume":"12","author":"Gomes de Barros","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1754393.1754396","article-title":"Teaching johnny not to fall for phish","volume":"10","author":"Kumaraguru","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Internet Technol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2021.04.023","article-title":"A novel approach for phishing URLs detection using lexical based machine learning in a real-time environment","volume":"175","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"A review of gamification applied to phishing","author":"Tchakount\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preprints"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Mutual information based logistic regression for phishing URL detection","volume":"2","author":"Vajrobol","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cyber Secur. Appl."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1145\/2063176.2063197","article-title":"The state of phishing attacks","volume":"55","author":"Hong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.46792\/fuoyejet.v7i3.807","article-title":"Comparative analysis of ensemble learning and non-ensemble machine learning algorithms for phishing URL detection","volume":"7","author":"Igwilo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuoye J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0058-9_57","article-title":"Comparison of ensemble simple feedforward neural network and deep learning neural network on phishing detection","author":"Soon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Tech.: 6th ICCST 2019"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/2994459.2994462","article-title":"Hardened setup of personalized security indicators to counter phishing attacks in mobile banking","author":"Marforio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. 6th Workshop Secur. Priv. Smartphones Mob. Devices (SPSM\u201916)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2007.35","author":"Schechter","year":"2007","journal-title":"2007 IEEE Symp. Secur. Priv. (SP\u201907)"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.3031","article-title":"Intelligent antiphishing framework to detect phishing scam: A hybrid classification approach","volume":"52","author":"Marimuthu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Hu, A. Gaurav, C. Choi, and A. Almomani, \u201cEvaluation and comparative analysis of semantic web-based strategies for enhancing educational system development,\u201d Int. J. Semant. Web Inform. Syst. (IJSWIS), vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1\u201314, 2022. doi: 10.4018\/IJSWIS.","DOI":"10.4018\/IJSWIS.302895"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"A deep-learning-driven light-weight phishing detection sensor","volume":"19","author":"B","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219649219500059","article-title":"Data analytics: Intelligent anti-phishing techniques based on machine learn-ing","volume":"18","author":"Baadel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Inform. Knowl. Manage."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Almomani et al., \u201cPhishing website detection with semantic features based on machine learning classifiers: A comparative study,\u201d Int. J. Semant. Web Inform. Syst. (IJSWIS), vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1\u201324, 2022. doi: 10.4018\/IJSWIS.","DOI":"10.4018\/IJSWIS.297032"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.31577\/cai_2022_5_1337","article-title":"Character and word embeddings for phishing email detection","volume":"41","author":"Stevanovi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Inform."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. V. Tembhurne, M. M. Almin, and T. Diwan, \u201cMc-DNN: Fake news detection using multi-channel deep neural networks,\u201d Int. J. Semant. Web Inform. Syst. (IJSWIS), vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1\u201320, 2022. doi: 10.4018\/IJSWIS.","DOI":"10.4018\/IJSWIS.295553"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13060154","article-title":"Towards lightweight URL-based phishing detection","volume":"13","author":"Butnaru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. K. Chawra and G. P. Gupta, \u201cOptimization of the wake-up scheduling using a hybrid of memetic and tabu search algorithms for 3D-wireless sensor networks,\u201d Int. J. Softw. Sci. Comput. Intell. (IJSSCI), vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1\u201318, 2022. doi: 10.4018\/IJSSCI.","DOI":"10.4018\/IJSSCI.300359"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"975","article-title":"Examining factors impacting the effectiveness of anti-phishing trainings","volume":"62","author":"Sumner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"1","article-title":"An optimization model for task scheduling in mobile cloud computing","volume":"12","author":"Alakbarov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cloud Appl. Comput. (IJCAC)"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-022-00760-3","article-title":"Cloud-based email phishing attack using machine and deep learning algorithm","volume":"9","author":"Butt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Complex Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1699657","article-title":"Focusing on the weakest link: A similarity analysis on phishing campaigns based on the ATT&CK matrix","volume":"2022","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4314\/cajost.v5i1.4","article-title":"Understanding phishing awareness among students in tertiary institutions and setting-up defensive mechanisms against the attackers","volume":"5","author":"Aliyu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Caliphate J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10071356","article-title":"An effective and secure mechanism for phishing attacks using a machine learning approach","volume":"10","author":"Mohamed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73548","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3190009","article-title":"Spear-phishing susceptibility stemming from personality traits","volume":"10","author":"Eftimie","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633121992516","article-title":"Training users to identify phishing emails","volume":"59","author":"Weaver","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Educ. Comput. Res."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.33130\/AJCT.2020v06i02.008","article-title":"Review on phishing attack detection techniques","volume":"6","author":"Dholakia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Converg. Technol."},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"19","article-title":"Innovations of phishing defense: The mechanism, measurement and defense strategies","volume":"10","author":"Thakur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Netw. Inform. Secur. (IJCNIS)"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2018.01.001","article-title":"Detection of online phishing email using dynamic evolving neural network based on reinforcement learning","volume":"107","author":"Smadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-019-1361-0","article-title":"Phishing page detection via learning classifiers from page layout feature","volume":"2019","author":"Mao","year":"2019","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"8428","article-title":"Deep learning based-phishing attack detection","volume":"8","author":"Sumathi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22170","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2969780","article-title":"An in-depth benchmarking and evaluation of phishing detection research for security needs","volume":"8","author":"Aassal","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6421","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3237798","article-title":"A survey of intelligent detection designs of html URL phishing attacks","volume":"11","author":"Asiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-022-01672-x","article-title":"Applications of deep learning for phishing detection: A systematic literature review","volume":"64","author":"Catal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Knowl. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.33545\/26633582.2021.v3.i1a.47","article-title":"A survey on detection of phishing websites using machine learning","volume":"3","author":"Anjali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Phishing website detection: How effective are deep learning\u00e2based models and hyperparameter optimization?","volume":"5","author":"Almousa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Secur. Priv."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42459","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3168235","article-title":"PDGAN: Phishing detection with generative adversarial networks","volume":"10","author":"Al-Ahmadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4957","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-06401-z","article-title":"A hybrid DNN\u2013LSTM model for detecting phishing URLs","volume":"35","author":"Ozcan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.15388\/20-INFOR404","article-title":"Comparison of classification algorithms for detection of phishing websites","volume":"31","author":"Vaitkevicius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Informatica"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10111285","article-title":"An optimized stacking ensemble model for phishing websites detection","volume":"10","author":"Al-Sarem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Intelligent ensemble learning approach for phishing website detection based on weighted soft voting","volume":"9","author":"Altaher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.5815\/ijmecs.2018.07.04","article-title":"Dimensionality reduction using an improved whale op-timization algorithm for data classification","volume":"10","author":"Hegazy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Educ. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125919","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2938857","article-title":"The exploration\/exploitation tradeoff in whale optimization algorithm","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17483026211034442","article-title":"A modified whale optimization algorithm for parameter estimation of software reliability growth models","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Algorithms Comput. Technol."},{"key":"ref50","series-title":"Matec Web Conf.","first-page":"3052","article-title":"Blind source separation based on whale optimization algorithm","volume":"173","author":"Chu","year":"May 24\u201326, 2018"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Adaptive whale optimization algorithm with simulated annealing strategy and its application in magnetic target location","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Research Square"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.53106\/160792642022122307016","article-title":"Improved whale optimization algorithm via the inertia weight method based on the cosine function","volume":"23","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Internet Technol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-020-01663-y","article-title":"A parallel WOA with two communication strategies applied in DV-Hop localization method","volume":"2020","author":"Chai","year":"2020","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref54","unstructured":"E. Chand, \u201cPhishing website detector,\u201d Accessed: Mar. 19, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/datasets\/eswarchandt\/ phishing-website-detector"}],"container-title":["Computers, Materials & Continua"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.techscience.com\/files\/cmc\/2024\/TSP_CMC-80-3\/TSP_CMC_50815\/TSP_CMC_50815.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T01:36:51Z","timestamp":1741311411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.techscience.com\/cmc\/v80n3\/57855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/cmc.2024.050815","relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-2226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1546-2226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published Online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}