{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:28:51Z","timestamp":1766068131923,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Tech Science Press","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,29]],"date-time":"2024-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":363,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/TSP-CROSSMARKPOLICY"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CMC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2024.055628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T02:30:43Z","timestamp":1733970643000},"page":"4327-4347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/tsp-crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Weather Classification for Autonomous Vehicles under Adverse Conditions Using Multi-Level Knowledge Distillation"],"prefix":"10.32604","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Parthasarathi","family":"Manivannan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Palaniyappan","family":"Sathyaprakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vaithiyashankar","family":"Jayakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jayakumar","family":"Chandrasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bragadeesh Srinivasan","family":"Ananthanarayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Md Shohel","family":"Sayeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"17807","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114759","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3217213","article-title":"State-of-the-art review on recent advancements on lateral control of autonomous vehicles","volume":"10","author":"Biswas","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2020.02.049","article-title":"How do autonomous cars work?","volume":"44","author":"Ondru\u0161","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1022\/1\/012028","article-title":"Autonomous cars: Recent developments, challenges, and possible solutions","volume":"1022","author":"Singh","year":"2021, Art. no. 12028","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11142162","article-title":"A review on autonomous vehicles: progress, methods and challenges","volume":"11","author":"Parekh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165397","article-title":"An overview of autonomous vehicles sensors and their vulnerability to weather conditions","volume":"21","author":"Vargas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Autonomous driving architectures: Insights of machine learning and deep learning algorithms","volume":"6","author":"Bachute","year":"2021, Art. no. 100164","journal-title":"Mach. Learn. Appl."},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"A review of deep learning methods for weather image classification","volume":"21","author":"Mousavi","year":"2021, Art. no. 4735","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Deep residual learning for image recognition","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Conf. Mach.Learn. (ICML)","article-title":"EfficientNet: Rethinking model scaling for convolutional neural networks","author":"Tan","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"K. K.Simonyan and A. Zisserman, \u201cVery deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition,\u201d 2014. doi: 10.48550\/arXiv.1409.1556."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"J. Plested and T. Gedeon, \u201cDeep transfer learning for image classification: A survey,\u201d 2022. doi: 10.48550\/arXiv.2205.09904."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4256","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3013099","article-title":"ReViewNet: A fast and resource optimized network for enabling safe autonomous driving in hazy weather conditions","volume":"22","author":"Mehra","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2020.3033498","article-title":"REIN the RobuTS: Robust DNN-based image recognition in autonomous driving systems","volume":"40","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3390\/ai3020019","article-title":"Detection in adverse weather conditions for autonomous vehicles via deep learning","volume":"3","author":"Al-Haija","year":"2022","journal-title":"AI"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18715","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-12347-8","article-title":"Automatic vehicle detection system in different environment conditions using fast R-CNN","volume":"81","author":"Arora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11220-021-00342-6","article-title":"Modified cascade RCNN based on contextual information for vehicle detection","volume":"22","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Imaging"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2020EA001604","article-title":"Classification of weather phenomenon from images by using deep convolutional neural network","volume":"8","author":"H.Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"2021 IEEE\/CVF Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. Workshops (ICCVW)","first-page":"2906","article-title":"Multi-weather city: Adverse weather stacking for autonomous driving","author":"Mu\u0219at","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2022.12.021","article-title":"Perception and sensing for autonomous vehicles under adverse weather conditions: A survey","volume":"196","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4230","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3014013","article-title":"Vehicle detection and tracking in adverse weather using a deep learning framework","volume":"22","author":"Hassaballah","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"2019 South. Afr. Univ. Power Eng. Conf.\/Robotics Mechatronics\/Pattern Recognit. Assoc. S. Afr. (SAUPEC\/RobMech\/PRASA)","first-page":"135","article-title":"Multi-class weather classification from still image using said ensemble method","author":"Gbeminiyi Oluwafemi","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"WeatherNet: Recognising weather and visual conditions from street-level images using deep residual learning","volume":"8","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS Int J. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"2020 IEEE 4th Inf. Technol. Netw. Electron. Autom. Control Conf. (ITNEC)","first-page":"2251","article-title":"Research on multi-class weather classification algorithm based on multi-model fusion","author":"Wang","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6972826","article-title":"ResNet15: Weather recognition on traffic road with deep convolutional neural network","volume":"2020","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Computat. Sci. Computat. Intell., CSCI 2020","first-page":"1586","article-title":"Multi-class weather classification using ResNet-18 CNN for autonomous IoT and CPS applications","author":"Al-Haija","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"F. Tung and G. Mori, \u201cMulti-level knowledge distillation for image classification,\u201d 2019. doi: 10.48550\/arXiv.1904.04998."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7099","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3209672","article-title":"Multilevel attention-based sample correlations for knowledge distillation","volume":"19","author":"Gou","year":"May 2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref28","volume":"9908","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computer Vision\u2013ECCV 2016"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Proc. 38th Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","first-page":"10096","article-title":"EfficientNetV2: Smaller models and faster training","author":"Tan","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/s23239502","article-title":"Enhancing medical image denoising with innovative teacher-student model-based approaches for precision diagnostics","volume":"23","author":"Muksimova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Fast and accurate facial expression image classification and regression method based on knowledge distillation","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.123468","article-title":"Automated weather forecasting and field monitoring using GRU-CNN model along with IoT to support precision agriculture","volume":"249","author":"Akilan","year":"2024, Art. no. 123468","journal-title":"Expert. Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"2024 IEEE\/CVF Winter Conf. Appl. Comput. Vis. (WACV)","first-page":"685","article-title":"Domain-Aware knowledge distillation for continual model generalization","author":"Reddy","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2024.3396552","article-title":"Multi-level knowledge transmission for object detection in rainy night weather conditions","volume":"20","author":"Le","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR)","first-page":"2633","article-title":"BDD100K: A diverse driving dataset for heterogeneous multitask learning","author":"Yu","year":"2020"},{"journal-title":"IEEE DataPort","year":"2020","author":"Kenk","key":"ref36"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041254","article-title":"Sensors on the move: Onboard camera-based real-time traffic alerts paving the way for cooperative roads","volume":"21","author":"Iparraguirre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Proc. 32nd Int. Conf. Mach. Learn. PMLR","first-page":"448","article-title":"Batch normalization: Accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift","volume":"37","author":"Ioffe","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14078","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3051085","article-title":"Classification of remote sensing images using EfficientNet-B3 CNN model with attention","volume":"9","author":"Alhichri","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729694","article-title":"On information and sufficiency","volume":"22","author":"Kullback","year":"1951","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Statistics"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Visual keras","author":"Gavrikov","year":"2020","journal-title":"GitHub repository"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"M. Abadi et al., \u201cTensorFlow: Large-scale machine learning on heterogeneous systems,\u201d 2015. doi: 10.48550\/arXiv.1603.04467."}],"container-title":["Computers, Materials & Continua"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.techscience.com\/cmc\/v81n3\/59023\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T06:03:04Z","timestamp":1741327384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.techscience.com\/cmc\/v81n3\/59023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/cmc.2024.055628","relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-2226"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1546-2226"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published Online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}