{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T23:27:25Z","timestamp":1773098845486,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Tech Science Press","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":328,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/TSP-CROSSMARKPOLICY"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CMC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2024.057136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T06:41:46Z","timestamp":1729060906000},"page":"2077-2131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/tsp-crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["AI-Driven Pattern Recognition in Medicinal Plants: A Comprehensive Review and Comparative Analysis"],"prefix":"10.32604","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Mohd Asif","family":"Hajam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tasleem","family":"Arif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Akib Mohi Ud Din","family":"Khanday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mudasir Ahmad","family":"Wani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Asim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"17807","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"New Look to Phytomed.: Adv. Herb. Products Novel Drug Leads","first-page":"3","article-title":"Herbal medicine: Current trends and future prospects","author":"Khan","year":"Jan. 2019"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aac.2022.10.001","article-title":"Understanding the potential applications of artificial intelligence in agriculture sector","volume":"2","author":"Javaid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Agrochem."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-016-9206-z","article-title":"Plant species identification using computer vision techniques: A systematic literature review","volume":"25","author":"W\u00e4ldchen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11030-021-10217-3","article-title":"Artificial intelligence to deep learning: Machine intelligence approach for drug discovery","volume":"25","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Divers."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11151952","article-title":"Automated real-time identification of medicinal plants species in natural environment using deep learning models\u2014A case study from borneo region","volume":"11","author":"Malik","year":"2022, Art. no. 1952","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Proc.-2020 Int. Conf. Adv. Comput. App., ACOMP 2020","first-page":"34","article-title":"Real-time recognition of medicinal plant leaves using bounding-box based models","author":"Tran","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.10.010","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in drug discovery and development","volume":"26","author":"Paul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2005.07.008","article-title":"Medicinal plants: Traditions of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow","volume":"27","author":"Gurib-Fakim","year":"Feb. 2006","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"137","article-title":"Medicinal plant recognition from leaf images using deep learning","volume":"2","author":"Ariful Hassan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Mach. Learn. Agricul."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2021.100029","article-title":"Therapeutic and pharmacological efficacy of selective Indian medicinal plants\u2013A review","volume":"1","author":"Prasathkumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomed. Plus"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-016-9181-4","article-title":"Review of plant identification based on image processing","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2015.10.013","article-title":"Finely-grained annotated datasets for image-based plant phenotyping","volume":"81","author":"Minervini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-007-9011-6","article-title":"Taxonomic impediment or impediment to taxonomy? A commentary on systematics and the cybertaxonomic-automation paradigm","volume":"34","author":"de Carvalho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-020-09847-0","article-title":"Machine learning in medicinal plants recognition: A review","volume":"54","author":"Pushpanathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/computers8040077","article-title":"Review on techniques for plant leaf classification and recognition","volume":"8","author":"Azlah","year":"2019, Art. no. 77","journal-title":"Computers"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2023.108072","article-title":"Plant image recognition with deep learning: A review","volume":"212","author":"Chen","year":"2023, Art. no. 108072","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agricul."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1117\/12.55612","article-title":"Image identification and restoration based on the expectation-maximization algorithm","volume":"29","author":"Katsaggelos","year":"1990","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/info14110618","article-title":"An effective ensemble convolutional learning model with fine-tuning for medicinal plant leaf identification","volume":"14","author":"Hajam","year":"2023, Art. no. 618","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005993","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005993","article-title":"Automated plant species identification\u2014Trends and future directions","volume":"14","author":"W\u00e4ldchen","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121481","article-title":"CoffeeNet: A deep learning approach for coffee plant leaves diseases recognition","volume":"237","author":"Nawaz","year":"2024, Art. no. 121481","journal-title":"Expert. Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"4257","article-title":"SVM and KNN based CNN architectures for plant classification","volume":"71","author":"Ghosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Contin."},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Inventive Computation and Information Technologies","first-page":"273","article-title":"A survey of different identification and classification methods for medicinal plants","author":"Kadiwal","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-021-00592-x","article-title":"Machine learning: Algorithms, real-world applications and research directions","volume":"2","author":"Sarker","year":"2021, Art. no. 160","journal-title":"SN Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Proc.-2nd Int. Conf. Data Sci. Business Anal., ICDSBA 2018","first-page":"511","article-title":"Deep learning approach for image classification","author":"Panigrahi","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2020.3004555","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on transfer learning","volume":"109","author":"Zhuang","year":"Jan. 2021","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","article-title":"Deep learning","volume":"521","author":"LeCun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"2633","article-title":"Deep learning with image classification based secure CPS for healthcare sector","volume":"72","author":"Almasoud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Contin."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-021-00815-1","article-title":"Deep learning: A comprehensive overview on techniques, taxonomy, applications and research directions","volume":"2","author":"Sarker","year":"2021, Art. no. 420","journal-title":"SN Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1080\/03772063.2021.2016504","article-title":"Novel network for medicinal leaves identification","volume":"69","author":"Elizabeth","year":"2023","journal-title":"IETE J. Res."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-021-00444-8","article-title":"Review of deep learning: Concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions","volume":"8","author":"Alzubaidi","year":"2021, Art. no. 53","journal-title":"J. Big Data"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2016.06.003","article-title":"Machine learning for LC-MS medicinal plants identification","volume":"156","author":"Nazarenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"S. Roopashree and J. Anitha, \u201cMedicinal leaf dataset mendeley data,\u201d 2020. doi: 10.17632\/nnytj2v3n5.1."},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Graph-based deep learning techniques for remote sensing applications: Techniques, taxonomy, and applications\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"50","author":"Khlifi","year":"Nov. 2023, Art. no. 100596","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"746","article-title":"Plant recognition using hog and artificial neural network","volume":"5","author":"Vardhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Innov. Trends Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.12.038","article-title":"Automated analysis of visual leaf shape features for plant classification","volume":"157","author":"Saleem","year":"Feb. 2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5539\/mas.v8n5p121","article-title":"Automatic identification of ficus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) varieties based on leaf","volume":"8","author":"Nasir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mod. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2017.05.005","article-title":"LeafNet: A computer vision system for automatic plant species identification","volume":"40","author":"Barr\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"113","article-title":"Performance improvement of leaf identification system using principal component analysis","volume":"44","author":"Kadir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.10.020","article-title":"A method for accurately segmenting images of medicinal plant leaves with complex backgrounds","volume":"155","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310076","article-title":"Threshold selection method from gray-level histograms","volume":"9","author":"Otsu","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1504\/IJCVR.2012.046417","article-title":"A method for identification and classification of medicinal plant images based on level set segmentation and SVM classification","volume":"3","author":"Nandyal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput Vis Robot"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Proc. IWISP\u201996","first-page":"337","article-title":"A method for controlling the enhancement of image feature by unsharp masking filters","author":"Cernadas","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2012.07.009","article-title":"Embedded portable device for herb leaves recognition using image processing techniques and neural network algorithm","volume":"89","author":"Husin","year":"Nov. 2012","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1986.4767851","article-title":"A computational approach to edge detection","volume":"8","author":"Canny","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"134","article-title":"Leaf identification using feature extraction and machine learning","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"IOSR J. Electron. Commun. Eng. (IOSR-JECE)"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"Int. Conf. Adv. Comput. Commun. Technol. (ACCT)","first-page":"5","article-title":"A detailed review of feature extraction in image processing systems","author":"Kumar","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"Image Analysis and Processing\u2013ICIAP 2013","first-page":"161","article-title":"A plant recognition approach using shape and color features in leaf images","author":"Caglayan","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.21609\/jiki.v10i1.405","article-title":"Identifying medicinal plant leaves using textures and optimal colour spaces channel","volume":"10","author":"Arun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Informasi"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"351","article-title":"Identification of ayurvedic medicinal plants by image processing of leaf samples","volume":"5","author":"Dahigaonkar","year":"May, 2018","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1134\/S105466181703018X","article-title":"Classification of medicinal plant leaf image based on multi-feature extraction","volume":"27","author":"Kan","year":"Jul. 2017","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1962.1057692","article-title":"Visual pattern recognition by moment invariants","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"1962","journal-title":"IRE Trans. Inf. Theor."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/21553769.2017.1412361","article-title":"Automated plant identification using artificial neural network and support vector machine","volume":"10","author":"Jye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref53","series-title":"2017 4th Int. Conf. Image Inform. Process., ICIIP 2017","first-page":"574","article-title":"Recognition of ayurvedic medicinal plants from leaves: A computer vision approach","author":"Sabu","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref54","series-title":"Proc. 2014 9th IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Eng. Syst., ICCES 2014","first-page":"271","article-title":"Plant classification system based on leaf features","author":"Elhariri","year":"Feb. 2014"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.33851\/JMIS.2019.6.2.49","article-title":"Plant species identification based on plant leaf using computer vision and machine learning techniques","volume":"6","author":"Kaur","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Multimed. Inform. Syst."},{"key":"ref56","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Nat. Aerosp. Electron. Conf. (NAECON)","first-page":"431","article-title":"A leaf recognition approach to plant classification using machine learning","author":"Ali","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2015.08.003","article-title":"Automatic classification of plants based on their leaves","volume":"139","author":"Aakif","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.11.036","article-title":"A study on visual features of leaves in plant identification using artificial intelligent techniques","volume":"156","author":"Yigit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"166","article-title":"Automatic recognition of medicinal plants using machine learning techniques","volume":"8","author":"Begue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref60","series-title":"Proc. 8th ACM Multimed. Syst. Conf., MMSys 2017","first-page":"233","article-title":"Recognition of easily-confused TCM herbs using deep learning","author":"Weng","year":"Jun. 2017"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"2176","article-title":"DDLA: Dual deep learning architecture for classification of plant species","volume":"13","author":"Raj","year":"Oct. 2019","journal-title":"IET Image Process"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.18178\/ijmlc.2019.9.3.811","article-title":"Vietnamese herbal plant recognition using deep convolutional features","volume":"9","author":"Vo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Learn. Comput"},{"key":"ref63","series-title":"Proc. 2020 Adv. Comput. Commun. Technol. High Perf. Appl., ACCTHPA 2020","first-page":"57","article-title":"AI based indigenous medicinal plant identification","author":"Paulson","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135927","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3116207","article-title":"DeepHerb: A vision based system for medicinal plants using xception features","volume":"9","author":"Roopashree","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref65","series-title":"2022 27th Int. Comput. Conf., Comput. Soc. Iran (CSICC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identification of medicinal plants in ardabil using deep learning: Identification of medicinal plants using deep learning","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref66","series-title":"2007 IEEE Int. Symp. Sig. Proc. Inf. Technol.","first-page":"11","article-title":"A leaf recognition algorithm for plant classification using probabilistic neural network","author":"Wu","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref67","unstructured":"O. J. O. S\u00f6derkvist, \u201cComputer vision classification of leaves from swedish trees,\u201d 2001. Accessed: Nov. 30, 2022. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/urn.kb.se\/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-54366"},{"key":"ref68","series-title":"Lect. Not. Comput. Sci., Comput. Vis.-ECCV","first-page":"502","article-title":"Leafsnap: A computer vision system for automatic plant species identification","author":"Kumar","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.08.095","article-title":"Plant leaf recognition using shape features and colour histogram with K-nearest neighbour classifiers","volume":"58","author":"Munisami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref70","series-title":"2020 Int. Conf. Comput. Eng., Netw., Intell. Multimed. 2020","first-page":"338","article-title":"A novel herbal leaf identification and authentication using deep learning neural network","author":"Haryono","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4465","DOI":"10.1007\/s11063-022-10818-5","article-title":"An IoT and machine learning based intelligent system for the classification of therapeutic plants","volume":"54","author":"Shailendra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Process Lett."},{"key":"ref72","series-title":"Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Appl. Artif. Intell. Comput., ICAAIC 2023","first-page":"195","article-title":"Identification of plant leaves having anti-diabetic property using machine learning","author":"Pargaien","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref73","series-title":"2019 8th Brazil. Conf. Intell. Syst. (BRACIS)","first-page":"741","article-title":"Automatic classification of medicinal plant species based on color and texture features","author":"Pacifico","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref74","series-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst. Comput., Appl. Comput. Vis. Image Process.","first-page":"272","article-title":"Identification of medicinal plant using image processing and machine learning","author":"Gokhale","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163912","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2952176","article-title":"Plant species recognition using morphological features and adaptive boosting methodology","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2015.08.090","article-title":"Classification of medicinal plants: An approach using modified LBP with symbolic representation","volume":"173","author":"Naresh","year":"Jan. 2016","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref77","first-page":"931","article-title":"Classification of leaves of medicinal plants using laws\u2019 texture features","volume":"14","author":"Puri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5391\/IJFIS.2017.17.1.26","article-title":"Plant leaf recognition using a convolution neural network","volume":"17","author":"Jeon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Fuzzy Logic Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1189509","article-title":"A novel computer vision model for medicinal plant identification using log-gabor filters and deep learning algorithms","volume":"2022","author":"Oppong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-10038-w","article-title":"Deep convolutional neural network based plant species recognition through features of leaf","volume":"80","author":"Bisen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref81","series-title":"Lect. Not. Comput. Sci. Artif. Neur. Netw. Mach. Learn.\u2013ICANN 2018","first-page":"270","article-title":"A survey on deep transfer learning","author":"Tan","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.01.041","article-title":"Analysis of transfer learning for deep neural network based plant classification models","volume":"158","author":"Kaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13020356","article-title":"Plant recognition using morphological feature extraction and transfer learning over SVM and AdaBoost","volume":"13","author":"Mahajan","year":"2021, Art. no. 356","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"ref84","series-title":"Proc. 2018 4th Iranian Conf. Sig. Process. Intell. Syst., ICSPIS 2018","first-page":"21","article-title":"Leaf classification for plant recognition with deep transfer learning","author":"Beikmohammadi","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref85","first-page":"3664","article-title":"Herbal leaf recognition using mask-region convolutional neural network (Mask R-CNN)","volume":"100","author":"Almazaydeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Theor. Appl. Inf Technol."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.17762\/jaz.v43i1.116","article-title":"Automatic classification of medicinal plants using state-of-the-art pre-trained neural networks","volume":"43","author":"Patil","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Adv. Zool."},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"138","article-title":"Transfer learning for medicinal plant leaves recognition: A comparison with and without a fine-tuning strategy","volume":"13","author":"Ayumi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2018.2844175","article-title":"Mask R-CNN","volume":"42","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref89","series-title":"2013 Int. Conf. Comput. Manag. Telecommun., ComManTel 2013","first-page":"134","article-title":"Computer aided plant identification system","author":"Pham","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref90","series-title":"Int. Conf. Adv. Technol. Commun.","first-page":"404","article-title":"Leaf based plant identification system for Android using SURF features in combination with Bag of Words model and supervised learning","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2014.11.011","article-title":"Feature decision-making ant colony optimization system for an automated recognition of plant species","volume":"42","author":"Ali Jan Ghasab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert. Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref92","series-title":"Lect. Not. Comput. Sci.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07064-3_33","article-title":"Plant leaf recognition using Zernike moments and histogram of oriented gradients","volume":"8445","author":"Tsolakidis","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref93","series-title":"Int. Conf. Pattern Recognit. Inf. Med. Eng., PRIME 2012","first-page":"428","article-title":"An efficient leaf recognition algorithm for plant classification using support vector machine","author":"Priya","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref94","series-title":"2013 IEEE 2nd Int. Conf. Image Inf. Process., IEEE ICIIP 2013","first-page":"405","article-title":"Mobile plant species classification: A low computational aproach","author":"Prasad","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref95","series-title":"Proc. 2010 13th Int. Conf. Comput. Inf. Technol., ICCIT 2010","first-page":"458","article-title":"Leaf shape identification based plant biometrics","author":"Hossain","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref96","series-title":"Proc. 2014 Sci. Inf. Conf., SAI 2014","first-page":"389","article-title":"Comparative study of leaf image recognition with a novel learning-based approach","author":"Hsiao","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref97","series-title":"Adv. Intell. Comput. Theor. App.: Aspects Artif. Intell.","first-page":"149","article-title":"HOG-based approach for leaf classification","author":"Xiao","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref98","series-title":"Proc. 3rd ACM Int. Conf. Multimed. Retr.","first-page":"127","article-title":"A shape-based approach for leaf classification using multiscale triangular representation","author":"Mouine","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2014.08.005","article-title":"Feature extraction algorithm based on dual-scale decomposition and local binary descriptors for plant leaf recognition","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. Sig. Process.: Rev. J."},{"key":"ref100","series-title":"Intell. Comput. Theor. App. ICIC","first-page":"237","article-title":"An efficient multi-scale overlapped block LBP approach for leaf image recognition","author":"Ren","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.41","article-title":"Shape classification using the inner-distance","volume":"29","author":"Ling","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1109\/34.993558","article-title":"Shape matching and object recognition using shape contexts","volume":"24","author":"Belongie","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref103","first-page":"1605","article-title":"Identification of medicinal plant using hybrid transfer learning technique","volume":"31","author":"Ghosh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indones. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.01.073","article-title":"Plant species identification using digital morphometrics: A review","volume":"39","author":"Cope","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert. Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref105","series-title":"CEUR Workshop Proc., 2016. CLEF: Conf. Labs Eval. Forum","first-page":"428","article-title":"Plant identification in an open-world (LifeCLEF 2016)","author":"Go\u00ebau","year":"Sep. 2016"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-017-1014-z","article-title":"Going deeper in the automated identification of Herbarium specimens","volume":"17","author":"Carranza-Rojas","year":"2017, Art. no. 181","journal-title":"BMC Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref107","first-page":"2642","article-title":"Conditional image synthesis with auxiliary classifier gans","volume":"70","author":"Odena","year":"2017","journal-title":"34th Int. Conf. Mach. Learn., ICML 2017"},{"key":"ref108","first-page":"2401","article-title":"Implementation of Sobel operator based image edge detection on FPGA","volume":"45","author":"Ravivarma","journal-title":"Mater. Today: Proc., 2021"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2017.03.015","article-title":"Old plants, new tricks: Phenological research using herbarium specimens","volume":"32","author":"Willis","year":"Jul. 2017","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2013.07.006","article-title":"Interactive plant identification based on social image data","volume":"23","author":"Joly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2003.1442","article-title":"Automated species identification: Why not?","volume":"359","author":"Gaston","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Computers, Materials & Continua"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.techscience.com\/files\/cmc\/2024\/TSP_CMC-81-2\/TSP_CMC_57136\/TSP_CMC_57136.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T04:21:40Z","timestamp":1741321300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.techscience.com\/cmc\/v81n2\/58671"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/cmc.2024.057136","relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-2226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1546-2226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published Online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}