{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T22:38:45Z","timestamp":1770331125602,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Tech Science Press","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CMC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2025.061018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T03:32:37Z","timestamp":1749785557000},"page":"2645-2676","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Explainable Diabetic Retinopathy Detection Using a Distributed CNN and LightGBM Framework"],"prefix":"10.32604","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Pooja","family":"Bidwai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Gite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Biswajeet","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Almari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"17807","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2016.04.015","article-title":"Automated screening system for retinal health using bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition and integrated index","volume":"75","author":"Acharya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput Bio Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113172","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3217216","article-title":"Multi-stream deep neural network for diabetic retinopathy severity classification under a boosting framework","volume":"10","author":"Mustafa","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117546","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3326528","article-title":"Vision transformer model for predicting the severity of diabetic retinopathy in fundus photography-based retina images","volume":"11","author":"Nazih","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124331","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3330104","article-title":"A faster RCNN-based diabetic retinopathy detection method using fused features from retina images","volume":"11","author":"Nur-A-Alam","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13040774","article-title":"A regression-based approach to diabetic retinopathy diagnosis using efficientnet","volume":"13","author":"Vijayan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077669","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1077669","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy: looking forward to 2030","volume":"13","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocr"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-023-00691-3","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for diabetic retinopathy screening using color retinal photographs: from development to deployment","volume":"12","author":"Grzybowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27590","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3257988","article-title":"Internet of Things and deep learning enabled diabetic retinopathy diagnosis using retinal fundus images","volume":"11","author":"Palaniswamy","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Goodfellow I. Nips 2016 tutorial: generative adversarial networks. arXiv:1701.00160. 2016."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39255","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-14970-5","article-title":"Deep learning based computer-aided automatic prediction and grading system for diabetic retinopathy","volume":"82","author":"Khanna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"100134","article-title":"Deep learning in computer vision: a critical review of emerging techniques and application scenarios","volume":"6","author":"Chai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mach Learn Appl"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2019.103537","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy detection using red lesion localization and convolutional neural networks","volume":"116","author":"Zago","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-020-01792-3","article-title":"Diabetic macular edema grading based on improved Faster R-CNN and MD-ResNet","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal, Image Video Process"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"693","article-title":"Segmentation of Hard exudates for the detection of Diabetic Retinopathy with RNN based sematic features using fundus images","volume":"64","author":"Sivapriya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater Today: Proc"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6780","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186780","article-title":"Deep learning for diabetic retinopathy analysis: a review, research challenges, and future directions","volume":"22","author":"Nadeem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149,105989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105989","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy screening using deep learning for multi-class imbalanced datasets","volume":"149","author":"Saini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120554","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3327900","article-title":"Ensembled deep convolutional generative adversarial network for grading imbalanced diabetic retinopathy recognition","volume":"11","author":"Naz","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124441","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3330436","article-title":"Segmentation using the IC2T model and classification of diabetic retinopathy using the rock hyrax swarm-based coordination attention mechanism","volume":"11","author":"Jagadesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38299","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3165193","article-title":"Automatic severity classification of diabetic retinopathy based on denseNet and convolutional block attention module","volume":"10","author":"Farg","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2023.3282104","article-title":"A hybrid convolutional neural network model for automatic diabetic retinopathy classification from fundus images","volume":"11","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2024.106501","article-title":"Optimizing diabetic retinopathy detection with inception-V4 and dynamic version of snow leopard optimization algorithm","volume":"96","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-22042-5_14","author":"Melin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fuzzy logic and neural networks for hybrid intelligent system design"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"IoT-Opthom-CAD: IoT-enabled classification system of multiclass retinal eye diseases using dynamic swin transformers and explainable artificial intelligence","volume":"15","author":"AlBalawi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-012-0372-7","article-title":"Image denoising based on gaussian\/bilateral filter and its method noise thresholding","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Signal Image Video Process"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-019-0197-0","article-title":"A survey on image data augmentation for deep learning","volume":"6","author":"Shorten","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Big Data"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Proceedings ELMAR-2011","first-page":"393","article-title":"Investigation on the effect of a Gaussian Blur in image filtering and segmentation","author":"Gedraite","year":"2011 Sep 14\u201316"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"OpenCV Flip Image (cv2.flip)","author":"Rosebrock","year":"2021","journal-title":"PyImageSearch"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2019.105019","article-title":"Automatic diagnosis of fungal keratitis using data augmentation and image fusion with deep convolutional neural network","volume":"187","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"2020 International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)","first-page":"79","article-title":"Enhancing performance of deep learning models with different data augmentation techniques: a survey","author":"Khosla","year":"2020 Jun 17\u201319"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29943","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-14165-4","article-title":"Detection of diabetic retinopathy using convolutional neural networks for feature extraction and classification (DRFEC)","volume":"82","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mean and standard deviation features of color histogram using laplacian filter for content-based image retrieval","volume":"34","author":"Petronas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Theor Appl Inform Technol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2770","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13172770","article-title":"Hybrid fusion of high-resolution and ultra-widefield OCTA acquisitions for the automatic diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.health.2024.100303","article-title":"An advanced deep neural network for fundus image analysis and enhancing diabetic retinopathy detection","volume":"5","author":"Shamrat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Healthc Anal"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","first-page":"618","article-title":"Grad-CAM: visual explanations from deep networks via gradient-based localization","author":"Selvaraju","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)","first-page":"839","article-title":"Grad-cam++: Generalized gradient-based visual explanations for deep convolutional networks","author":"Chattopadhay","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Full-gradient representation for neural network visualization","volume":"32","author":"Srinivas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inform Process Syst"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11091714","article-title":"Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus using gradient boosting machine (LightGBM)","volume":"11","author":"Rufo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"DiaretDb1 dataset. [cited 2025 Apr 10]. Available from: https:\/\/paperswithcode.com\/dataset\/diaretdb1."},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Messidor dataset. [cited 2025 Apr 10]. Available from: https:\/\/paperswithcode.com\/dataset\/messidor-1."},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"STARE dataset. [cited 2025 Apr 10]. Available from: https:\/\/paperswithcode.com\/dataset\/stare."},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"OCTA 500 dataset. [cited 2025 Apr 10]. Available from: https:\/\/paperswithcode.com\/dataset\/octagon."},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography-OCTA dataset for detection of diabetic retinopathy [Dataset]","author":"Bidwai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zenodo"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Fundus dataset for detection of diabetic retinopathy [Dataset]","author":"Bidwai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zenodo"}],"container-title":["Computers, Materials &amp; Continua"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.techscience.cn\/files\/cmc\/2025\/TSP_CMC-84-2\/TSP_CMC_61018\/TSP_CMC_61018.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T01:46:58Z","timestamp":1763344018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.techscience.com\/cmc\/v84n2\/62859"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/cmc.2025.061018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-2226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1546-2226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}