{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T16:24:28Z","timestamp":1776875068561,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Tech Science Press","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":144,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/TSP-CROSSMARKPOLICY"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CMC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2025.061411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T04:07:37Z","timestamp":1745726857000},"page":"3675-3712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/tsp-crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Digital Twins in the IIoT: Current Practices and Future Directions Toward Industry 5.0"],"prefix":"10.32604","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Bisni Fahad","family":"Mon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Hayajneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Najah Abu","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Farman","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hikmat","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shayma","family":"Alkobaisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"17807","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2020.103334","article-title":"Orchestrating product provenance story: when IOTA ecosystem meets electronics supply chain space","volume":"123","author":"Suhail","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Ind"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900661","article-title":"Blockchain for digital twins: recent advances and future research challenges","volume":"34","author":"Yaqoob","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Gartner Survey Reveals Digital Twins Are Entering Mainstream Use; 2019. [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 10]. Available from: https:\/\/link.gale.com\/apps\/doc\/A578920673\/AONE?u=anon."},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Groombridge D. Gartner Top 10 strategic technology trends for 2023; 2022. [cited 2025 Jan 1]. Available from: https:\/\/www.gartner.com\/en\/articles\/gartner-top-10-strategic-technology-trends-for-2023."},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Global Market Insight Digital twin market; 2022. [Online]. [cited 2025 Jan 1]. Available from: https:\/\/www.gminsights.com\/industry-analysis\/digital-twin-market."},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Research and Market. Digital twins market by technology, twinning type, cyber-to-physical solutions, use cases and applications in industry verticals 2023\u20132028; 2023. [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.researchandmarkets.com\/report\/digital-twin#cat-pos-2."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s10033-022-00760-x","article-title":"Digital twin for integration of design-manufacturing-maintenance: an overview","volume":"35","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Mech Eng"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2019.10.001","article-title":"Enabling technologies and tools for digital twin","volume":"58","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Manufact Syst"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"100196","article-title":"Digital twin to improve the virtual-real integration of industrial IoT","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ind Inf Integr"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2020.2998530","article-title":"Digital twin in the IoT context: a survey on technical features, scenarios, and architectural models","volume":"108","author":"Minerva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proce IEEE"},{"key":"ref11","author":"Gelernter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mirror worlds: or the day software puts the universe in a shoebox. How it will happen and what it will mean"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1504\/IJPD.2005.006669","article-title":"Product lifecycle management: the new paradigm for enterprises","volume":"2","author":"Grieves","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Prod Dev"},{"key":"ref13","author":"Grieves","year":"2006","journal-title":"Product lifecycle management"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-21343-4_4","author":"Grieves","year":"2023","journal-title":"The digital twin"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Fr\u00e4mling K, Holmstr\u00f6m J, Ala-Risku T, K\u00e4rkk\u00e4inen M. In: Product agents for handling information about physical objects. In: Report of Laboratory of information processing science series B. Espoo, Finland: Teknillinen korkeakoulu; 2003."},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"367","article-title":"The product avatar as a product-instance-centric information management concept","volume":"1","author":"Hribernik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Prod Lifecy Manag"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Technology Area 12","article-title":"Materials, structures, mechanical systems, and manufacturing roadmap","author":"Piascik","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"59","author":"Boschert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mechatronic futures: Challenges and solutions for mechatronic systems and their designers"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Digital Twin Summit","article-title":"Digital twinsand living models at NASA","author":"Allen","year":"2021 Nov 3\u20134"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/154798","article-title":"Reengineering aircraft structural life prediction using a digital twin","volume":"2011","author":"Tuegel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Aerosp Eng"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/asi4020036","article-title":"Digital twin: origin to future","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Syst Innovat"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"53rd AIAA\/ASME\/ASCE\/AHS\/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference 20th AIAA\/ASME\/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference 14th AIAA","first-page":"1812","article-title":"The airframe digital twin: some challenges to realization","author":"Tuegel","year":"2012 Apr 23\u201326"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"53rd AIAA\/ASME\/ASCE\/AHS\/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference 20th AIAA\/ASME\/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference 14th AIAA","first-page":"1813","article-title":"Challenges with structural life forecasting using realistic mission profiles","author":"Gockel","year":"2012 Apr 23\u201326"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Grieves M. Digital twin: manufacturing excellence through virtual factory replication. White paper; 2014. [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.3ds.com\/fileadmin\/PRODUCTS-SERVICES\/DELMIA\/PDF\/Whitepaper\/DELMIA-APRISO-Digital-Twin-Whitepaper.pdf."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167653","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2953499","article-title":"A survey on digital twin: definitions, characteristics, applications, and design implications","volume":"7","author":"Barricelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2024.110241","article-title":"A unified digital twin approach incorporating virtual, physical, and prescriptive analytical components to support adaptive real-time decision-making","volume":"193","author":"Walton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Indust Eng"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intelligent fuzzy edge computing for real-time decision making in IoT-based digital twin environments","volume":"22","author":"Prasath","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Intell Fuzzy Syst"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5194\/jsss-12-111-2023","article-title":"Digital twin concepts for linking live sensor data with real-time models","volume":"12","author":"Jedermann","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sens Sens Syst"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2873186","article-title":"Digital twin in industry: state-of-the-art","volume":"15","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transact Indust Inform"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2018.04.055","article-title":"Digital twin driven prognostics and health management for complex equipment","volume":"67","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cirp Annals"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"53rd AIAA\/ASME\/ASCE\/AHS\/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference 20th AIAA\/ASME\/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference 14th AIAA","first-page":"1818","article-title":"The digital twin paradigm for future NASA and US Air Force vehicles","author":"Glaessgen","year":"2012 Apr 23\u201326"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Hochhalter J, Leser WP, Newman JA, Gupta VK, Yamakov V, Cornell SR, et al. Coupling damage-sensing particles to the digitial twin concept. Washinton, DC, USA: NASA; 2014. [cited 2025 Jan 1]. Available from: https:\/\/ntrs.nasa.gov\/citations\/20140006408."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2015.06.141","article-title":"About the importance of autonomy and digital twins for the future of manufacturing","volume":"48","author":"Rosen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ifac-Papersonline"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"2016 IEEE International Symposium on Systems Engineering (ISSE)","first-page":"1","article-title":"From simulation to experimentable digital twins: simulation-based development and operation of complex technical systems","author":"Schluse","year":"2016 Oct 3\u20135"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"85","author":"Grieves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Digital twin: mitigating unpredictable, undesirable emergent behavior in complex systems. In: Transdisciplinary perspectives on complex systems: new findings and approaches"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2017.04.040","article-title":"Shaping the digital twin for design and production engineering","volume":"66","author":"Schleich","year":"2017","journal-title":"CIRP Annals"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-98578-3_11","author":"Stark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Product lifecycle management (Volume 1) 21st century paradigm for product realisation"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2019.103130","article-title":"Review of digital twin applications in manufacturing","volume":"113","author":"Cimino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput Ind"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21980","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970143","article-title":"Digital twin: values, challenges and enablers from a modeling perspective","volume":"8","author":"Rasheed","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2021.02.010","article-title":"The concept of digital twin and digital shadow in manufacturing","volume":"101","author":"Bergs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2024.103025","article-title":"How will the digital twin shape the future of Industry 5.0?","volume":"134","author":"Barata","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2022.11.002","article-title":"Blockchain-based trust mechanism for digital twin empowered Industrial Internet of Things","volume":"141","author":"Sasikumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fut Generat Comput Syst"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dajour.2024.100398","article-title":"Digital twins and industrial internet of things: uncovering operational intelligence in Industry 4.0","volume":"10","author":"Attaran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dec Analyt J"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10139","DOI":"10.3390\/su131810139","article-title":"Sustainable development of smart manufacturing driven by the digital twin framework: a statistical analysis","volume":"13","author":"Warke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"2020 Global Internet of Things Summit (GIoTS)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Industrial IoT and digital twins for a smart factory: an open source toolkit for application design and benchmarking","author":"Kamath"},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"Breque M, De Nul L, Petridis A. Industry 5.0: towards a sustainable, human-centric and resilient European industry. Brussel, Belgium: European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation; 2021. [cited 2025 Jan 1]. Available from: https:\/\/research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu\/knowledge-publications-tools-and-data\/publications\/all-publications\/industry-50-towards-sustainable-human-centric-and-resilient-european-industry_en."},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"12","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in the digital twins: state of the art, challenges, and future research topics","volume":"1","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digital Twin"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dajour.2023.100165","article-title":"Digital twin: benefits, use cases, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"6","author":"Attaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dec Analyt J"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"11","article-title":"The Internet of things: limitless opportunities for business and society","volume":"12","author":"Attaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Strat Innovat Sustain"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3390\/app11010339","article-title":"Literature review of digital twins applications in construction workforce safety","volume":"11","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38569","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3448256","article-title":"Sparse attention-driven quality prediction for production process optimization in digital twins","volume":"11","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8686","DOI":"10.3390\/app14198686","article-title":"DeepESN neural networks for industrial predictive maintenance through anomaly detection from production energy Data","volume":"14","author":"Bonci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6340","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196340","article-title":"A survey on AI-driven digital twins in Industry 4.0: smart manufacturing and advanced robotics","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref54","author":"Marr","year":"2019","journal-title":"What is extended reality technology? A simple explanation for anyone"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1109\/OJVT.2023.3325382","article-title":"Digital twins for Industry 4.0 in the 6G era","volume":"4","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Open J Vehic Technol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-015-0664-6","article-title":"Cloud-integrated cyber-physical systems for complex industrial applications","volume":"21","author":"Shu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mobile Netw Applicat"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3517189","article-title":"Blockchain-based digital twins: research trends, issues, and future challenges","volume":"54","author":"Suhail","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv (CSUR)"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.10.024","article-title":"A digital twin-based scheduling framework including equipment health index and genetic algorithms","volume":"52","author":"Negri","year":"2019","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings11040151","article-title":"Differentiating digital twin from digital shadow: elucidating a paradigm shift to expedite a smart, sustainable built environment","volume":"11","author":"Sepasgozar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2021.01.011","article-title":"A robot arm digital twin utilising reinforcement learning","volume":"95","author":"Matulis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Graph"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.01.585","article-title":"Improving material quality management and manufacturing organizations system through Industry 4.0 technologies","volume":"45","author":"Ammar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mat Today Proc"},{"key":"ref62","series-title":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE)","first-page":"1","article-title":"A digital twin architecture based on the industrial internet of things technologies","author":"Souza","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref63","series-title":"Business Information Systems: 19th International Conference, BIS 2016","first-page":"209","article-title":"Towards a methodology for Industrie 4.0 transformation","author":"B\u00fccker","year":"2016 Jul 6\u20138"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2020.103316","article-title":"Digital Twin for maintenance: a literature review","volume":"123","author":"Errandonea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Ind"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"317","article-title":"Hidden Markov model-based digital twin construction for futuristic manufacturing systems","volume":"33","author":"Ghosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"AI EDAM"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823657-4.00010-5","author":"Stavropoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Design and operation of production networks for mass personalization in the era of cloud technology"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578379","DOI":"10.3389\/fmech.2020.578379","article-title":"Intelligent predictive maintenance and remote monitoring framework for industrial equipment based on mixed reality","volume":"6","author":"Mourtzis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Mech Eng"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2023.102368","article-title":"The effects of Industry 4.0 on productivity: a scientific mapping study","volume":"75","author":"\u00d6zk\u00f6se","year":"2023","journal-title":"Technol Soc"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"100257","article-title":"Industry 5.0: a survey on enabling technologies and potential applications","volume":"26","author":"Maddikunta","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ind Inf Integr"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.12913\/22998624\/146420","article-title":"Sustainable development of the intelligent industry from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0","volume":"16","author":"Majern\u00edk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Sci Technol Res J"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19070","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3359297","article-title":"Edge computing for Industry 5.0: fundamental, applications and research challenges","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2023.102626","article-title":"Human Digital Twin in the context of Industry 5.0","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Robot Comput Integr Manuf"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.3390\/su14052773","article-title":"Smooth and resilient human-machine teamwork as an Industry 5.0 design challenge","volume":"14","author":"Kaasinen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/02533839.2017.1362325","article-title":"IoT patent roadmap for smart logistic service provision in the context of Industry 4.0","volume":"40","author":"Trappey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Chinese Instit Eng"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2014.03.108","article-title":"The smart factory: exploring adaptive and flexible manufacturing solutions","volume":"69","author":"Radziwon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Eng"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20418","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2756069","article-title":"Digital twin shop-floor: a new shop-floor paradigm towards smart manufacturing","volume":"5","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref77","series-title":"2017 22nd IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)","first-page":"1","article-title":"A novel framework for virtual recommissioning in reconfigurable manufacturing systems","author":"Mortensen","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mfglet.2018.02.006","article-title":"Digital twin-Proof of concept","volume":"15","author":"Haag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Manufact Letters"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2793265","article-title":"Digital twin and big data towards smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0: 360 degree comparison","volume":"6","author":"Qi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"1307","article-title":"Multidisciplinary collaborative design modeling technologies for complex mechanical products based on digital twin","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput Integr Manuf Syst"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-319-2","author":"Pahl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Engineering design: a systematic approach"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1504\/IJPLM.2010.036489","article-title":"Product lifecycle management-from its history to its new role","volume":"4","author":"Terzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Prod Lifecycle Manag"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.07.198","article-title":"A review of the roles of digital twin in CPS-based production systems","volume":"11","author":"Negri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Manufact"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3390\/info10030104","article-title":"Discrete wavelet packet transform-based industrial digital wireless communication systems","volume":"10","author":"Saadaoui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"ref85","first-page":"47","article-title":"Society 5.0: aiming for a new human-centered society","volume":"27","author":"Fukuyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Japan Spotlight"},{"key":"ref86","series-title":"INTED 2019 Proceedings IATED","first-page":"7165","article-title":"The impact of Industry 4.0 on postgraduate industrial management education in Germany","author":"Kapanen","year":"2019 Mar 11\u201313"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.20319\/mijst.2018.42.172181","article-title":"Research on application-oriented electromechanical talents\u2019 training mode under background of \u201cinternet+ made in china 2025\u201d promotion plan","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matter Int J Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2017.2723764","article-title":"New IT driven service-oriented smart manufacturing: framework and characteristics","volume":"49","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Transact Syst Man Cybernet Syst"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2012.06.037","article-title":"Smart manufacturing, manufacturing intelligence and demand-dynamic performance","volume":"47","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput Chem Eng"},{"key":"ref90","unstructured":"NIST. Smart manufacturing operations planning and control program; 2014. [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/programs-projects\/smart-manufacturing-operations-planning-and-control-program."},{"key":"ref91","unstructured":"Marr B. What is digital twin technology-and why is it so important. Jersey City, NJ, USA: Forbes; 2017. [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/bernardmarr\/2019\/08\/12\/what-is-extended-reality-technology-a-simple-explanation-for-anyone\/."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mfglet.2013.09.005","article-title":"Recent advances and trends in predictive manufacturing systems in big data environment","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Manufact Letters"},{"key":"ref93","first-page":"100289","article-title":"Digital twin in smart manufacturing","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ind Inf Integr"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110492","article-title":"Fault detection and diagnosis of large-scale HVAC systems in buildings using data-driven methods: a comprehensive review","volume":"229","author":"Mirnaghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2014.06.042","article-title":"A review of fault detection and diagnosis methodologies on air-handling units","volume":"82","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ener Build"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-6670(17)36503-5","article-title":"Bibliographical review on reconfigurable fault-tolerant control systems","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"IFAC Proc Vol"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-019-01512-w","article-title":"A state-of-the-art survey of Digital Twin: techniques, engineering product lifecycle management and business innovation perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intell Manufact"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.08.415","article-title":"Exploring the role of digital twin for asset lifecycle management","volume":"51","author":"Macchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2021.103309","article-title":"Industrial digital twins at the nexus of nextG wireless networks and computational intelligence: a survey","volume":"200","author":"Zeb","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1108\/14637150710752308","article-title":"Collaborative supply chain management: the most promising practice for building efficient and sustainable supply chains","volume":"13","author":"Attaran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Business Process Manag J"},{"key":"ref101","unstructured":"Blomkvist Y, Ullemar Loenbom L. Improving supply chain visibility within logistics by implementing a Digital Twin: a case study at Scania Logistics; 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.diva-portal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2:1457674\/FULLTEXT01.pdf."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0071","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0071","article-title":"Digital twins in Industry 5.0","volume":"6","author":"Lv","year":"2023","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1515\/auto-2019-0039","article-title":"An architecture of an intelligent digital twin in a cyber-physical production system","volume":"67","author":"Ashtari Talkhestani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Automatisierungstechnik"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2020.105183","article-title":"IoT and digital twin enabled smart tracking for safety management","volume":"128","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Operat Res"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-0052-3_19","author":"Wisdom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communication technologies and security challenges in IoT: present and future"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1800479","article-title":"Hybrid intrusion detection system for edge-based IIoT relying on machine-learning-aided detection","volume":"33","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"ref107","first-page":"4486","article-title":"IIoT cybersecurity risk modeling for SCADA systems","volume":"5","author":"Falco","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Int Things J"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-024-02367-z","article-title":"A comprehensive evaluation of machine learning algorithms for web application attack detection with knowledge graph integration","volume":"29","author":"Ismail","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mob Netw Appl"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100327","article-title":"Integrating AI-based and conventional cybersecurity measures into online higher education settings: challenges, opportunities, and prospects","volume":"7","author":"Parambil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Educat Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2024.100501","article-title":"Cybersecurity activities for education and curriculum design: a survey","volume":"16","author":"Ismail","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav Rep"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2021.3089435","article-title":"PPSF: a privacy-preserving and secure framework using blockchain-based machine-learning for IoT-driven smart cities","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transact Netw Sci Eng"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2022.3191601","article-title":"Blockchain and deep learning for secure communication in digital twin empowered industrial IoT network","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Netw Sci Eng"},{"key":"ref113","unstructured":"Suhail S, Jurdak R, Hussain R. Security attacks and solutions for digital twins. arXiv:220212501. 2022."},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.020.2200609","article-title":"Digital twin for wireless networks: security attacks and solutions","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel Commun"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/prs.12575","article-title":"Digital twin technology and ergonomics for comprehensive improvement of safety in the petrochemical industry","volume":"43","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Process Safety Progress"},{"key":"ref116","series-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and eXtended and Virtual Reality (AIxVR)","first-page":"66","article-title":"Interactive digital twins for online planning and worker safety in intralogistics and production","author":"Luxenburger","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3844\/ajeassp.2024.1.22","article-title":"Integration of cyber-physical systems, digital twins, and 3D printing in advanced manufacturing: a synergistic approach","volume":"17","author":"Kantaros","year":"2024","journal-title":"American J Eng Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2023.12.006","article-title":"Digital twins for engineering asset management: synthesis, analytical framework, and future directions","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1108\/K-02-2023-0291","article-title":"Big data of enterprise supply chain under green financial system based on digital twin technology","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4633","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3234804","article-title":"Automatic generation of data centre digital twins for virtual commissioning of their automation systems","volume":"11","author":"Galkin","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2023.01.005","article-title":"Digital twin for industrial internet","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fundam Res"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.3390\/app13031945","article-title":"Metamodelling of manufacturing processes and automation workflows towards designing and operating digital twins","volume":"13","author":"Stavropoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10908","DOI":"10.3390\/su151410908","article-title":"Digital twins in the construction industry: a comprehensive review of current implementations, enabling technologies, and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Omrany","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3938","DOI":"10.3390\/s23083938","article-title":"Human-centric digital twins in industry: a comprehensive review of enabling technologies and implementation strategies","volume":"23","author":"Asad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.3390\/machines12110759","article-title":"Design and implementation of digital twin factory synchronized in real-time using MQTT","volume":"12","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Machines"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2021.3059320","article-title":"Trustworthy digital twins in the industrial internet of things with blockchain","volume":"26","author":"Suhail","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Inter Comput"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/machines13010019","article-title":"Edge computing-based digital twin framework based on ISO 23247 for enhancing data processing capabilities","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Machines"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3227102","article-title":"Task offloading with multi-tier computing resources in next generation wireless networks","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J Select Areas in Commun"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4933","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3137349","article-title":"Secure and latency-aware digital twin assisted resource scheduling for 5G edge computing-empowered distribution grids","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transact Indust Inform"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4692","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2927312","article-title":"Deep learning for hybrid 5G services in mobile edge computing systems: learn from a digital twin","volume":"18","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Transact Wireless Communicat"},{"key":"ref131","series-title":"2023 13th International Conference on Computer and Knowledge Engineering (ICCKE)","first-page":"48","article-title":"Energy-aware dynamic digital twin placement in mobile edge computing","author":"Hematyar","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref132","series-title":"SICE Annual Conference 2011","first-page":"2059","article-title":"Industrial wireless standardization-Scope and implementation of ISA SP100 standard","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-02849-1","article-title":"Make more digital twins","volume":"573","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref134","unstructured":"Gagn\u00e9 MR. Digital twins, another reason to worry about the iot and data security; 2020. [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 10]. Available from: https:\/\/irishtechnews.ie\/digital-twins-iot-and-data-security."},{"key":"ref135","unstructured":"Goasduff L. Confront key challenges to boost digital twin success; 2018. [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.gartner.com\/smarterwithgartner\/confront-key-challenges-to-boost-digital-twin-success."},{"key":"ref136","series-title":"Proceedings of the The 10th International Conference on Through-Life Engineering Services 2021 (TESConf 2021)","article-title":"Is a top level ontology based digital twin the solution to human-machine interoperability?","author":"D\u2019Amico","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108952","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2998358","article-title":"Digital twin: enabling technologies, challenges and open research","volume":"8","author":"Fuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref138","first-page":"1928","article-title":"Challenges of digital twin in high value manufacturing","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"SAE Tech Paper"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3390\/fi16070239","article-title":"TWIN-ADAPT: continuous learning for digital twin-enabled online anomaly classification in iot-driven smart labs","volume":"16","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4793","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2020.3027314","article-title":"A survey on explainable artificial intelligence (XAI): toward medical XAI","volume":"32","author":"Tjoa","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transact on Neural Netw Learn Syst"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14965","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3263909","article-title":"A survey on digital twins: architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy, and future prospects","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruc.2023.107008","article-title":"Probabilistic machine learning based predictive and interpretable digital twin for dynamical systems","volume":"281","author":"Tripura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Struct"}],"container-title":["Computers, Materials &amp; Continua"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.techscience.cn\/files\/cmc\/2025\/TSP_CMC-83-3\/TSP_CMC_61411\/TSP_CMC_61411.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T01:27:27Z","timestamp":1763342847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.techscience.com\/cmc\/v83n3\/60988"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/cmc.2025.061411","relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-2226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1546-2226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published Online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}