{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T05:11:09Z","timestamp":1768281069672,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Tech Science Press","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":144,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/TSP-CROSSMARKPOLICY"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CMC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2025.061583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T04:14:32Z","timestamp":1745381672000},"page":"4373-4391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/tsp-crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Enhanced Kinship Verification through Ear Images: A Comparative Study of CNNs, Attention Mechanisms, and MLP Mixer Models"],"prefix":"10.32604","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Thien-Tan","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Huu-Thanh","family":"Duong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Viet-Tuan","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hau Nguyen","family":"Trung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vinh Truong","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kiet","family":"Tran-Trung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"17807","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2020.107541","article-title":"Multi-scale deep relational reasoning for facial kinship verification","volume":"110","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"2010 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing","first-page":"1577","article-title":"Towards computational models of kinship verification","author":"Fang","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"2","article-title":"Sift-the scale invariant feature transform","volume":"2","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9775","DOI":"10.4249\/scholarpedia.9775","article-title":"Local binary patterns","volume":"5","author":"Pietik\u00e4inen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scholarpedia"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"8th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition","first-page":"121","article-title":"Gabor feature extraction for character recognition: comparison with gradient feature","author":"Liu","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2021.103265","article-title":"Component-based metric learning for fully automatic kinship verification","volume":"79","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vis Commun Image Represent"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.06.027","article-title":"Mixed bi-subject kinship verification via multi-view multi-task learning","volume":"214","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"2019 26th International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT)","first-page":"376","article-title":"Kinship verification based on local binary pattern features coding in different color space","author":"Van","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"5th International Symposium on Informatics and Its Applications","first-page":"1","article-title":"Face kinship verification based vgg16 and new gabor wavelet features","author":"Chouchane","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"331","article-title":"Neighborhood repulsed metric learning for kinship verification","volume":"36","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3897\/jucs.89254","article-title":"Feature fusion and NRML metric learning for facial kinship verification","volume":"29","author":"Ramazankhani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Universal Comput Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6173","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2022.3163707","article-title":"Adaptively weighted k-tuple metric network for kinship verification","volume":"53","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cybern"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.12.031","article-title":"A survey on kinship verification","volume":"525","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2022.03.020","article-title":"Knowledge-based tensor subspace analysis system for kinship verification","volume":"151","author":"Serraoui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"116543","article-title":"Deep discriminant generation-shared feature learning for image-based kinship verification","volume":"101","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Process: Image Commun"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Graph-based kinship reasoning network","author":"Li","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"1757","article-title":"Who do I look like? Determining parent-offspring resemblance via gated autoencoders","author":"Dehghan","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"2015 IEEE 17th International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep kinship verification","author":"Wang","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.29099\/ijair.v2i1.42","article-title":"Computer vision and image processing: a paper review","volume":"2","author":"Wiley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Artif Intell Res"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"4278","article-title":"Inception-v4, inception-resnet and the impact of residual connections on learning","author":"Szegedy","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomasini UM, Petrini L, Cagnetta F, Wyart M. How deep convolutional neural networks lose spatial information with training. Mach Learn: Sci Technol; 2023,4(4):045026.","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-2153\/ad092c"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"3965","article-title":"Coatnet: marrying convolution and attention for all data sizes","volume":"34","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"2984","article-title":"Efficient receptive field search for convolutional neural networks","volume":"45","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"24261","article-title":"MLP-Mixer: an all-MLP architecture for vision","volume":"34","author":"Tolstikhin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"2022 International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kinship verification from ear images: an explorative study with deep learning models","author":"Dvor\u0161ak","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Selvaraju RR, Das A, Vedantam R, Cogswell M, Parikh D, Batra D. Why did you say that? arXiv:161107450. 2016."},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Peng JL, Chang KW, Lai SH. KFC: kinship verification with fair contrastive loss and multi-task learning. arXiv:230910641. 2023."},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"2019 14th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2019)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kinship verification using deep siamese convolutional neural network","author":"Nandy","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"6th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications","article-title":"Geometrical algorithms of ear contour shape representation and feature extraction","author":"Choras","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.08.139","article-title":"Ear recognition: more than a survey","volume":"255","author":"Ziga Emer\u0161i\u010d","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"9th International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT\u201906)","first-page":"164","article-title":"A simple geometric approach for ear recognition","author":"Shailaja","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-1595-4_56","author":"Sinha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft computing for problem solving"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170295","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3024116","article-title":"Deep convolutional neural networks for unconstrained ear recognition","volume":"8","author":"Alshazly","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"2019 International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gender and kinship by model-based ear biometrics","author":"Meng","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2023.102075","article-title":"Medical image super-resolution for smart healthcare applications: a comprehensive survey","volume":"103","author":"Umirzakova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inform Fusion"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.811513","article-title":"Eigenface-domain super-resolution for face recognition","volume":"12","author":"Gunturk","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","article-title":"Activating more pixels in image super-resolution transformer","author":"Chen","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Chen X, Wang X, Zhang W, Kong X, Qiao Y, Zhou J, et al. Hat: hybrid attention transformer for image restoration. arXiv:230905239. 2023."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218488598000094","article-title":"The vanishing gradient problem during learning recurrent neural nets and problem solutions","volume":"6","author":"Hochreiter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Uncert, Fuzziness Knowl-Based Syst"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"770","article-title":"Deep residual learning for image recognition","author":"He","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"13733","article-title":"RepVGG: making VGG-style ConvNets great again","author":"Ding","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"7132","article-title":"Squeeze-and-excitation networks","author":"Hu","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s41095-023-0364-2","article-title":"Visual attention network","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Visual Media"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","article-title":"SA-Net: shuffle attention for deep convolutional neural networks","author":"Zhang","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","article-title":"Rotate to attend: convolutional triplet attention module","author":"Misra","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"Hendrycks D, Gimpel K. Gaussian error linear units (GELUs). arXiv:160608415. 2016."},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Simonyan K, Zisserman A. Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. arXiv:14091556. 2014."},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"4700","article-title":"Densely connected convolutional networks","author":"Huang","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref49","series-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning","first-page":"6105","article-title":"Efficientnet: rethinking model scaling for convolutional neural networks","author":"Tan","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref50","series-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning","first-page":"10096","article-title":"Efficientnetv2: smaller models and faster training","author":"Mingxing","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"Dosovitskiy A, Beyer L, Kolesnikov A, Weissenborn D, Zhai X, Unterthiner T, et al. An image is worth 16 \u00d7 16 words: transformers for image recognition at scale. arXiv:201011929. 2020."},{"key":"ref52","series-title":"2020 15th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition","first-page":"892","article-title":"Deep fusion siamese network for automatic kinship verification","author":"Yu","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref53","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision","first-page":"3560","article-title":"Attentional feature fusion","author":"Dai","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2022.3164083","article-title":"Contextual transformer networks for visual recognition","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"}],"container-title":["Computers, Materials & Continua"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.techscience.cn\/files\/cmc\/2025\/TSP_CMC-83-3\/TSP_CMC_61583\/TSP_CMC_61583.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T01:27:58Z","timestamp":1763342878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.techscience.com\/cmc\/v83n3\/60994"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/cmc.2025.061583","relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-2226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1546-2226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published Online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}