{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T01:50:33Z","timestamp":1763344233601,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Tech Science Press","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CMC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2025.063255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T03:49:31Z","timestamp":1749095371000},"page":"3149-3173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Convolutional Neural Network Based Optical Character Recognition for Purely Handwritten Characters and Digits"],"prefix":"10.32604","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Syed Atir","family":"Raza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Muhammad Shoaib","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Uzma","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hanen","family":"Karamti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tahir","family":"Khurshaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"17807","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1682","article-title":"Moving past indirect proxies for language experience: \u2018Native speaker\u2019 and residential history are poor predictors of language behavior","volume":"44","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Annual Meet Cognit Sci Soc"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/berj.3827","article-title":"Representation of indigenous languages employing a religious screen for the discursive construction of students\u2019 postcolonial national identities: a curious case of \u2018internal colonisation\u2019 and \u2018cultural invasion\u2019 in Pakistani schools","volume":"49","author":"Qazi","year":"2023","journal-title":"British Educat Res J"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6507","DOI":"10.1149\/10701.6507ecst","article-title":"A survey of optical character recognition techniques on indic script","volume":"107","author":"Chirimilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"ECS Trans"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"2022 IEEE International Students\u2019 Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optical character recognition techniques: a review","author":"Srivastava","year":"2022 Feb 19\u201320"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"2022 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Power, Electronics and Computer Applications (ICPECA)","first-page":"994","article-title":"Research and application of deep learning in image recognition","author":"Li","year":"2022 Jan 21\u201323"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"2022 Power System and Green Energy Conference (PSGEC)","first-page":"1101","article-title":"Single check method of relay protection fixed value based on OCR image recognition","author":"Sun","year":"2022 Aug 25\u201327"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Proceedings of International Conference on Computing and Communication Networks: ICCCN 2021","first-page":"499","article-title":"Wild OCR: deep learning architecture for text recognition in images","author":"Amudha","year":"2021 Jul 19\u201322"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"35","author":"Nikoghosyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Main trends in the development of science in the XXI century"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Improvement in OCR technologies in postal industry using CNN-RNN architecture: literature review","volume":"12","author":"Verma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mach Learn Comput"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10155","DOI":"10.3390\/app121910155","article-title":"Intelligent arabic handwriting recognition using different standalone and hybrid CNN architectures","volume":"12","author":"Albattah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"2017 International Conference on Promising Electronic Technologies (ICPET)","first-page":"77","article-title":"A comparative study on handwriting digit recognition using neural networks","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017 Oct 16\u201317"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11965","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-10175-2","article-title":"Urdu signboard detection and recognition using deep learning","volume":"81","author":"Arafat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Kashif M. Urdu handwritten text recognition using ResNet18. arXiv:2103.05105. 2021."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.04.248","article-title":"OCR-nets: variants of pre-trained CNN for Urdu handwritten character recognition via transfer learning","volume":"171","author":"KO","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxaa042","article-title":"Deep extreme learning machine-based optical character recognition system for nastalique Urdu-like script languages","volume":"65","author":"Rizvi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput J"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953004","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001419530045","article-title":"Optical character recognition system for Nastalique Urdu-like script languages using supervised learning","volume":"33","author":"Rizvi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124945","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3110787","article-title":"MMU-OCR-21: towards end-to-end Urdu text recognition using deep learning","volume":"9","author":"Nasir","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-021-00389-x","article-title":"A novel normal to tangent line (NTL) algorithm for scale invariant feature extraction for Urdu OCR","volume":"25","author":"Naseer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Document Anal Recognit (IJDAR)"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-13320-1","article-title":"Recognition of offline handwritten Urdu characters using RNN and LSTM models","volume":"82","author":"Misgar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Multim Tools Applicat"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55620","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3379530","article-title":"ADOCRNet: a deep learning OCR for Arabic documents recognition","volume":"12","author":"Mosbah","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s12530-023-09504-1","article-title":"DeepNet-WI: a deep-net model for offline Urdu writer identification","volume":"15","author":"Nabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Evolving Systems"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1964","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1964","article-title":"Adapting multilingual vision language transformers for low-resource Urdu optical character recognition (OCR)","volume":"10","author":"Cheema","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0302590","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302590","article-title":"ET-Network: a novel efficient transformer deep learning model for automated Urdu handwritten text recognition","volume":"19","author":"Hamza","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Mustafa A, Rafique MT, Baig MI, Sajid H, Khan MJ, Kallu KD. A permuted autoregressive approach to word-level recognition for Urdu digital text. arXiv:2408.15119. 2024."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116875","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3444188","article-title":"Hate speech and target community detection in nastaliq urdu using transfer learning techniques","volume":"12","author":"Malik","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"152","author":"Abolghasemi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Technology in second language writing"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2021.100016","article-title":"Digitization of handwritten Devanagari text using CNN transfer learning-A better customer service support","volume":"2","author":"Pande","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Informat"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"227","author":"Sankara Babu","year":"2022","journal-title":"A fusion of artificial intelligence and internet of things for emerging cyber systems"},{"journal-title":"Optical character recognition systems","year":"2017","author":"Chaudhuri","key":"ref29"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-5655-2_69","author":"Thorat","year":"2022","journal-title":"ICT analysis and applications"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Ali H. UHaT: urdu handwritten text dataset; 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2025 May 15]. Available from: https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/datasets\/hazrat\/uhat-urdu-handwritten-text-dataset."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.3390\/s20041233","article-title":"Learning attention representation with a multi-scale CNN for gear fault diagnosis under different working conditions","volume":"20","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"2508","article-title":"Review of convolutional neural networks","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp Appl"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"5623","article-title":"Learning filter basis for convolutional neural network compression","author":"Li","year":"2019 Oct 27\u2013Nov 2"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"2017 International Conference on Engineering and Technology (ICET)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Understanding of a convolutional neural network","author":"Albawi","year":"2017 Aug 21\u201323"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"2019 International Conference on Deep Learning and Machine Learning in Emerging Applications (Deep-ML)","first-page":"67","article-title":"Cursive handwritten text recognition using bi-directional LSTMs: a case study on Urdu handwriting","author":"Hassan","year":"2019 Aug 26\u201328"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.3390\/app9132758","article-title":"Recognition of Urdu handwritten characters using convolutional neural network","volume":"9","author":"Husnain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-017-3146-x","article-title":"Handwritten Urdu character recognition using one-dimensional BLSTM classifier","volume":"31","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Comput Applicat"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-06498-2","article-title":"A convolutional recursive deep architecture for unconstrained Urdu handwriting recognition","volume":"34","author":"ul Sehr Zia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"}],"container-title":["Computers, Materials &amp; Continua"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.techscience.cn\/files\/cmc\/2025\/TSP_CMC-84-2\/TSP_CMC_63255\/TSP_CMC_63255.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T01:47:29Z","timestamp":1763344049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.techscience.com\/cmc\/v84n2\/62866"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/cmc.2025.063255","relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-2226"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1546-2226"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}