{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T01:31:08Z","timestamp":1763343068581,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Tech Science Press","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CMC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2025.063630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T03:22:27Z","timestamp":1745896947000},"page":"4117-4140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Asynchronous Tiered Federated Learning Storage Scheme Based on Blockchain and IPFS"],"prefix":"10.32604","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dezhi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jiatao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kuan-Ching","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"17807","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS)","first-page":"1273","article-title":"Communication-efficient learning of deep networks from decentralized data","author":"McMahan","year":"2017 Apr 20\u201322"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Proceedings of Machine Learning and Systems","first-page":"429","article-title":"Federated optimization in heterogeneous networks","author":"Li","year":"2020 Mar 2\u20134"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning","first-page":"5132","article-title":"Scaffold: stochastic controlled averaging for federated learning","author":"Karimireddy","year":"2020 Jul 13\u201318"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Xie C, Koyejo S, Gupta I. Asynchronous federated optimization. arXiv:1903.03934. 2019."},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","first-page":"15","article-title":"Asynchronous online federated learning for edge devices with non-IID data","author":"Chen","year":"2020 Dec 10\u201313"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis","first-page":"1","article-title":"FedAT: a high-performance and communication-efficient federated learning system with asynchronous tiers","author":"Chai","year":"2021 Nov 14\u201319"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium on High-Performance Parallel and Distributed Computing","first-page":"125","article-title":"TiFL: a tier-based federated learning system","author":"Chai","year":"2020 Jun 23\u201326"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"1003","article-title":"How to democratise and protect AI: fair and differentially private decentralised deep learning","volume":"19","author":"Lyu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Proceedings of the 12th ACM Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Security","first-page":"1","article-title":"A hybrid approach to privacy-preserving federated learning","author":"Truex","year":"2019 Nov 11\u201319"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW)","first-page":"2821","article-title":"DeepRing: protecting deep neural network with blockchain","author":"Goel","year":"2019 Jun 16\u201317"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Mondal A, Virk H, Gupta D. BEAS: blockchain enabled asynchronous & secure federated machine learning. arXiv:2202.02817. 2022."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2021.3072033","article-title":"BAFL: a blockchain-based asynchronous federated learning framework","volume":"71","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Comput"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25648","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3379363","article-title":"TrustBCFL: mitigating data bias in IoT through blockchain-enabled federated learning","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14237","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3023588","article-title":"A secure data aggregation strategy in edge computing and blockchain-empowered internet of things","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"2074","article-title":"Heterogeneous blockchain and AI-driven hierarchical trust evaluation for 5G-enabled intelligent transportation systems","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/35.312842","article-title":"Access control: principle and practice","volume":"32","author":"Sandhu","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Mag"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2024.103887","article-title":"A secure data storage and sharing scheme for port supply chain based on blockchain and dynamic searchable encryption","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput Stand Interfaces"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2021.11.007","article-title":"Novel private data access control scheme suitable for mobile edge computing","volume":"18","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Commun"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18207","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2968492","article-title":"Fabric-IoT: a blockchain-based access control system in IoT","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3530","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3114621","article-title":"A blockchain-based auditable access control system for private data in service-centric IoT environments","volume":"18","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Inform"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2022.12.037","article-title":"A novel system for medical equipment supply chain traceability based on alliance chain and attribute and role access control","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Gener Comput Syst"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6492","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146492","article-title":"A blockchain-based trustworthy model evaluation framework for deep learning and its application in moving object segmentation","volume":"23","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"2020 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW)","first-page":"32","article-title":"An analytical framework for trusted machine learning and computer vision running with blockchain","author":"Wang","year":"2020 Jun 14\u201319"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2024.3364370","article-title":"MC-DSC: a dynamic secure resource configuration scheme based on medical consortium blockchain","volume":"19","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"journal-title":"Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies: a comprehensive introduction","year":"2017","author":"Narayanan","key":"ref25"},{"journal-title":"Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system","year":"2008","author":"Nakamoto","key":"ref26"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth EuroSys Conference","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hyperledger fabric: a distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains","author":"Androulaki","year":"2018 Apr 23\u201326"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2015.33","article-title":"Attribute-based access control","volume":"48","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Benet J. IPFS\u2014content addressed, versioned, P2P file system. arXiv:1407.3561. 2014."},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"2019 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","first-page":"691","article-title":"Exploiting unintended feature leakage in collaborative learning","author":"Melis","year":"2019 May 19\u201323"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"2018 IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP)","first-page":"1154","article-title":"Backdoor attacks on neural network operations","author":"Clements","year":"2018 Nov 26\u201329"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"2020 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"13195","article-title":"TBT: targeted neural network attack with bit Trojan","author":"Rakin","year":"2020 Jun 13\u201319"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"LeCun Y, Cortes C. The mnist database of handwritten digits [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 30]. Available from: https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:60282629."},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Krizhevsky A. Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 30]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cs.toronto.edu\/~kriz\/learning-features-2009-TR.pdf."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3213323","article-title":"InFEDge: a blockchain-based incentive mechanism in hierarchical federated learning for end-edge-cloud communications","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"}],"container-title":["Computers, Materials &amp; Continua"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.techscience.cn\/files\/cmc\/2025\/TSP_CMC-83-3\/TSP_CMC_63630\/TSP_CMC_63630.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T01:29:35Z","timestamp":1763342975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.techscience.com\/cmc\/v83n3\/61050"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/cmc.2025.063630","relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-2226"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1546-2226"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}