{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T06:39:04Z","timestamp":1776926344945,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Tech Science Press","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]],"date-time":"2025-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":214,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/TSP-CROSSMARKPOLICY"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CMC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2025.064442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T23:52:18Z","timestamp":1751845938000},"page":"5463-5485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/tsp-crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Hybrid Framework Integrating Deterministic Clustering, Neural Networks, and Energy-Aware Routing for Enhanced Efficiency and Longevity in Wireless Sensor Network"],"prefix":"10.32604","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Salman","family":"Qamar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Muhammad Fahad","family":"Munir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"17807","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-019-06993-9","article-title":"Routing in wireless sensor networks using optimization techniques: a survey","volume":"111","author":"Al Aghbari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wirel Pers Commun"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5247","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-023-03246-3","article-title":"Optimization of the operational state\u2019s routing for mobile wireless sensor networks","volume":"30","author":"Almuzaini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wirel Netw"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2022.06.017","article-title":"Hybrid Marine predators optimization and improved particle swarm optimization-based optimal cluster routing in wireless sensor networks (WSNs)","volume":"19","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Commun"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"EALLR: energy-aware low-latency routing data driven model in mobile edge computing","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Consum Electron"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.126738","article-title":"Learning unified distance metric for heterogeneous attribute data clustering","volume":"273","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2022.3205365","article-title":"BSC: belief shift clustering","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Syst"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6426","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3311466","article-title":"Critical density for K-coverage under border effects in camera sensor networks with irregular obstacles existence","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2020.100772","article-title":"GAPSO-H: a hybrid approach towards optimizing the cluster based routing in wireless sensor network","volume":"60","author":"Sahoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Swarm Evol Comput"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362417","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1362417","article-title":"International journal of distributed sensor networks energy optimization-based clustering protocols in wireless sensor networks and internet of things-survey","volume":"2023","author":"Prasad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Distrib Sens Netw"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35221","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-7627-z","article-title":"IEEMARP\u2014a novel energy efficient multipath routing protocol based on ant Colony optimization (ACO) for dynamic sensor networks","volume":"79","author":"Nayyar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2020.102409","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on LEACH-based clustering routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"114","author":"Daanoune","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Proceedings of the Applied Informatics: Fourth International Conference, ICAI 2021; 2021 Oct 28\u201330","article-title":". Optimization of multi-level HEED protocol in wireless sensor networks","author":"Boudhiafi"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-023-02265-0","article-title":"Comparison of the new version of DEEC protocol to extend WSN lifetime","volume":"2023","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2023","journal-title":"EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2022.170419","article-title":"Multi-objective PSO based feature selection for intrusion detection in IoT based wireless sensor networks","volume":"273","author":"Subramani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4780","DOI":"10.3390\/app11114780","article-title":"Improvement of traveling salesman problem solution using hybrid algorithm based on best-worst ant system and particle swarm optimization","volume":"11","author":"Qamar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 11th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT); 2020 Jul 1\u20133","article-title":". Routing protocol based on bacterial foraging optimization and type-2 fuzzy logic for wireless sensor networks","author":"Alla"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1002\/wcm.2468","article-title":"Cross-layer optimized routing in wireless sensor networks with duty cycle and energy harvesting","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wirel Commun Mob Comput"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010301","article-title":"Towards hybrid energy-efficient power management in wireless sensor networks","volume":"22","author":"Ch\u00e9our","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16963","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-023-05317-w","article-title":"A distributed prediction\u2013compression-based mechanism for energy saving in IoT networks","volume":"79","author":"Hussein","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Supercomput"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2022.102872","article-title":"An energy-balanced unequal clustering approach for circular wireless sensor networks","volume":"132","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10131539","article-title":"An overview of machine learning-based energy-efficient routing algorithms in wireless sensor networks","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133215","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3113298","article-title":"Recurrent neural network-based optimal sensing duty cycle control method for wireless sensor networks","volume":"9","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-019-06698-z","article-title":"Distributed topology control algorithm based on load balancing evaluation model in wireless sensor networks","volume":"109","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wirel Pers Commun"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-019-1509-y","article-title":"Research on routing optimization of WSNs based on improved LEACH protocol","volume":"2019","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4492","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2020.3010868","article-title":"A social welfare theory-based energy-efficient cluster head election scheme for WSNs","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Syst J"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Martey AS. Improving and implementing a cluster head to normal ratio protocol with artificial intelligence to increase the lifetime of wireless sensor networks [master\u2019s thesis]. Johannesburg, South Africa: University Of Johannesburg; 2023."},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"382","article-title":"Energy-efficient communication protocols for wireless IoT networks","volume":"13","author":"Umare","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Health Inform"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s13198-022-01796-x","article-title":"FEEC: fuzzy based energy efficient clustering protocol for WSN","volume":"14","author":"Rai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 8th International Conference on Modeling Simulation and Applied Optimization (ICMSAO); 2019 Apr 15\u201317","article-title":"A survey of applications of artificial neural networks in wireless sensor networks","author":"Aliyu"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2011.12.008","volume":"82","author":"Nadimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput Electron Agric"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Proceedings of the SENSORS, 2010 IEEE; 2010 Nov 1\u20134","article-title":"A smart forest-fire early detection sensory system: another approach of utilizing wireless sensor and neural networks","author":"Soliman"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"2005 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing; 2005 Sep 26","article-title":"Real-time forest fire detection with wireless sensor networks","author":"Yu"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSNET.2018.090141","article-title":"In-network data processing in wireless sensor networks using compressed sensing","volume":"26","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Sens Netw"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"8618267","article-title":"In-network data processing in software-defined iot with a programmable data plane","volume":"2018","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mob Inf Syst"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"2945","article-title":"A novel approach to energy optimization: efficient path selection in wireless sensor networks with hybrid ANN","volume":"79","author":"Qamar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Mater Contin"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.11.016","article-title":"Industrial Internet of Things and its applications in industry 4.0: state of the art","volume":"166","author":"Malik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Commun"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData); 2017 Jun 21\u201323","article-title":"Integration of cloud computing with internet of things: challenges and open issues","author":"Atlam"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11440","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3051768","article-title":"Energy-efficient intelligent routing scheme for IoT-enabled WSNs","volume":"8","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3876","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113876","article-title":"Delay analysis in IoT sensor networks","volume":"21","author":"Althoubi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iotcps.2023.10.001","article-title":"LEACH-D: a low-energy, low-delay data transmission method for industrial internet of things wireless sensors","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Internet Things Cyber-Phys Syst"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13473","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3124730","article-title":"Intelligent and secure clustering in wireless sensor network (WSN)-based intelligent transportation systems","volume":"23","author":"Verma","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences; 2000 Jan 7","article-title":"Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks","author":"Heinzelman"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"15","article-title":"Leach and its descendant protocols: a survey","volume":"1","author":"Gnanambigai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Commun Comput Technol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.12720\/jcm.8.3.192-206","article-title":"A survey on LEACH-based energy aware protocols for wireless sensor networks","volume":"8","author":"Hani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2019.03.001","article-title":"Hybrid heterogeneous routing scheme for improved network performance in WSNs for animal tracking","volume":"6","author":"Behera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2019.10.006","article-title":"Energy consumption and network connectivity based on Novel-LEACH-POS protocol networks","volume":"149","author":"Thiagarajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Commun"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2012.12.001","article-title":"A systematic review on clustering and routing techniques based upon LEACH protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"36","author":"Tyagi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE 12th International Conference on Communication Technology; 2010 Nov 11\u201314","article-title":"A distance-based clustering routing protocol in wireless sensor networks","author":"Wang"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3407","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.3407","article-title":"A new algorithm for cluster head selection in LEACH protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"31","author":"Al-Baz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Commun Syst"},{"key":"ref50","series-title":"Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Information and Knowledge Technology; 2013 May 28\u201330","article-title":"I-LEACH: an efficient routing algorithm to improve performance & to reduce energy consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks","author":"Beiranvand"},{"key":"ref51","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 Multimedia University Engineering Conference (MECON); 2024 Jul 23\u201325","article-title":"Enhancing energy efficiency in WSNs with hybrid LEACH-D and ANN","author":"Qamar"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5132","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2897119","article-title":"Residual energy-based cluster-head selection in WSNs for IoT application","volume":"6","author":"Behera","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"40","author":"Walczak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advanced methodologies and technologies in artificial intelligence, computer simulation, and human-computer interaction"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-101-1_2","article-title":"Overview of artificial neural networks","volume":"458","author":"Zou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25196","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2644758","article-title":"Secrecy performance analysis of energy harvesting wireless sensor networks with a friendly jammer","volume":"5","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics9050282","article-title":"A K-means clustered routing algorithm with location and energy awareness for underwater wireless sensor networks","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photonics"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9731","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249731","article-title":"A dual cluster-head energy-efficient routing algorithm based on canopy optimization and K-means for WSN","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429107368","author":"Moodie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied regression and ANOVA using SAS"}],"container-title":["Computers, Materials &amp; Continua"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.techscience.cn\/files\/cmc\/2025\/TSP_CMC-84-3\/TSP_CMC_64442\/TSP_CMC_64442.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T05:45:31Z","timestamp":1776923131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.techscience.com\/cmc\/v84n3\/63135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/cmc.2025.064442","relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-2226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1546-2226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published Online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}