{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T08:38:02Z","timestamp":1769762282536,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Tech Science Press","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CMC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2025.066366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T03:49:31Z","timestamp":1749095371000},"page":"2061-2119","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Navigating the Blockchain Trilemma: A Review of Recent Advances and Emerging Solutions in Decentralization, Security, and Scalability Optimization"],"prefix":"10.32604","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Saha","family":"Reno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Koushik","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"17807","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blockchain technology","volume":"1","author":"Michael","year":"2018","journal-title":"The J"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"431","article-title":"The (A) political economy of bitcoin. tripleC: communication","volume":"12","author":"Kostakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cap Crit Open Access J Global Sustain Inform Soc"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"5","article-title":"Ethereum white paper","volume":"1","author":"Buterin","year":"2013","journal-title":"GitHub Repos"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"515","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"International seminar on artificial intelligence"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"85","article-title":"TPS analysis, performance indicator of public blockchain scalability","volume":"20","author":"Ko","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631665","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2021.631665","article-title":"Cryptokitties transaction network analysis: the rise and fall of the first blockchain game mania","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Phys"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Comparative review of the blockchain consensus algorithm between proof of stake (POS) and delegated proof of stake (DPOS)","volume":"10","author":"Saad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Innov Comput"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12806","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3072611","article-title":"Federated learning meets blockchain in edge computing: opportunities and challenges","volume":"8","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things J"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"153","article-title":"Decentralized finance: on blockchain and smart contract-based financial markets","volume":"103","author":"Sch\u00e4r","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Federal Reserve Bank St Louis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2023.109347","article-title":"Bringing trust and transparency to the opaque world of waste management with blockchain: a Polkadot parathread application","volume":"182","author":"Scott","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Indus Eng"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.11.213","article-title":"Implementation of directed acyclic graph in blockchain network to improve security and speed of transactions","volume":"51","author":"Kotilevets","year":"2018","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2018.2860009","article-title":"Scalable byzantine consensus via hardware-assisted secret sharing","volume":"68","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Comput"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"1","article-title":"bloXroute: a scalable trustless blockchain distribution network whitepaper","author":"Klarman","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Nakamoto S. Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system; 2008. [cited 2025 May 6]. Available from: https:\/\/assets.pubpub.org\/d8wct41f\/31611263538139.pdf."},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"2024 IEEE 6th Advanced Information Management, Communicates, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IMCEC)","first-page":"1896","article-title":"Unveiling decentralization: a comprehensive review of technologies, comparison, challenges in bitcoin, ethereum, and solana blockchain","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards scalability trade-off and security issues in state-of-the-art blockchain","volume":"5","author":"Gountia","year":"2019","journal-title":"EAI End Trans Secur Safety"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2020.2989170","article-title":"A theoretical model for block propagation analysis in bitcoin network","volume":"69","author":"Shahsavari","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Eng Manage"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"2021 IEEE 18th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Probability distribution model to analyze the trade-off between scalability and security of sharding-based blockchain networks","author":"Aiyar","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Saad M, Spaulding J, Njilla L, Kamhoua C, Shetty S, Nyang D, et al. Exploring the attack surface of blockchain: a systematic overview. arXiv:1904.03487.2019."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2022.103539","article-title":"A survey of Layer-two blockchain protocols","volume":"209","author":"Gangwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2023.01.011","article-title":"Efficient hybrid centralized and blockchain-based authentication architecture for heterogeneous IoT systems","volume":"35","author":"Khashan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J King Saud Unive-Comput Inform Sci"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"34","article-title":"Staking pool centralization in proof-of-stake blockchain network","volume":"42","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSRN Electron J"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Proceedings of the 39th ACM\/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing","first-page":"288","article-title":"A study of mev extraction techniques on a first-come-first-served blockchain","author":"\u00d6z","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2021.103232","article-title":"A systematic review of blockchain scalability: issues, solutions, analysis and future research","volume":"195","author":"Sanka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-023-04257-7","article-title":"Scalability of blockchain: a comprehensive review and future research direction","volume":"27","author":"Rao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cluster Comput"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 2nd International Conference on Blockchain Technology","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review on scalability of blockchain","author":"Yang","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1800290","article-title":"A survey on the scalability of blockchain systems","volume":"33","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Netw"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79626","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3408868","article-title":"A survey of blockchain based systems: scalability issues and solutions, applications and future challenges","volume":"12","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9372","DOI":"10.3390\/app11209372","article-title":"Systematic literature review of challenges in blockchain scalability","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"2021 IEEE 12th control and system graduate research colloquium (ICSGRC)","first-page":"227","article-title":"A review on blockchain security issues and challenges","author":"Islam","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2019.01.005","article-title":"A systematic literature review of blockchain cyber security","volume":"6","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digi Commun Netw"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2020.3038641","article-title":"Blockchain security: a survey of techniques and research directions","volume":"15","author":"Leng","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Serv Comput"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2019.100107","article-title":"Blockchain technology: a survey on applications and security privacy challenges","volume":"8","author":"Mohanta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Internet of Things"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"2022 IEEE 46th Annual Computers, Software, and Applications Conference (COMPSAC)","first-page":"1286","article-title":"A new era of blockchain-powered decentralized finance (DeFi)\u2014a review","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","first-page":"2567","article-title":"A review on consensus algorithm of blockchain","author":"Du","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"2020 3rd International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Engineering Technologies (iCoMET)","first-page":"1","article-title":"A critical review of blockchain consensus model","author":"Khan","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2019.560","article-title":"Towards a decentralized process for scientific publication and peer review using blockchain and IPFS","author":"Tenorio-Forn\u00e9s","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS 2023)\u2014Volume 1","first-page":"146","article-title":"A review of blockchain platforms based on the scalability, security and decentralization Trilemma","author":"Werth","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43620","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3065880","article-title":"A comprehensive review of blockchain consensus mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Lashkari","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"774","article-title":"A systematic review on blockchain scalability","volume":"14","author":"Aldoubaee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3390\/fi14020047","article-title":"Research on progress of blockchain consensus algorithm: a review on recent progress of blockchain consensus algorithms","volume":"14","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3390\/math11010101","article-title":"A review of the key technology in a blockchain building decentralized trust platform","volume":"11","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","first-page":"17","article-title":"A secure sharding protocol for open blockchains","author":"Luu","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Management of Data. SIGMOD \u201919","first-page":"123","article-title":"Towards scaling blockchain systems via sharding","author":"Dang","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. CCS \u201918","first-page":"931","article-title":"RapidChain: scaling blockchain via full sharding","author":"Zamani","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"377","author":"Teutsch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aspects of Computation and Automata Theory with Applications"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malavolta G, Moreno-Sanchez P, Schneidewind C, Kate A, Maffei M. Anonymous multi-hop locks for blockchain scalability and interoperability. Cryptology ePrint Archive; 2018. [cited 2025 May 6]. Available from: https:\/\/ia.cr\/2018\/472.","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2019.23330"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trifecta: the blockchain trilemma solved","author":"Team","year":"2019","journal-title":"White Paper"},{"key":"ref49","series-title":"2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","first-page":"583","article-title":"Omniledger: a secure, scale-out, decentralized ledger via sharding","author":"Kokoris-Kogias","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref50","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM SIGSIM Conference on Principles of Advanced Discrete Simulation","first-page":"118","article-title":"Symbchainsim: a novel simulation tool for dynamic and adaptive blockchain management and its trilemma tradeoff","author":"Diamantopoulos","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"R\u0131fat \u00d6zy\u0131lmaz K, Patel H, Malik A. Split-Scale: scaling bitcoin by partitioning the UTXO space. arXiv:1809.08473.2018."},{"key":"ref52","series-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Blockchain, Cryptocurrencies and Contracts. BCC \u201917","first-page":"9","article-title":"Towards scalable and private industrial blockchains","author":"Li","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"Zheng J, Zhao S, Wang Z, Pan L, Li J. DCS Chain: a flexible private blockchain system. arXiv:2406.12376.2024."},{"key":"ref54","author":"Poon","year":"2016","journal-title":"The bitcoin lightning network: scalable off-chain instant payments (2016)"},{"key":"ref55","series-title":"2023 26th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Safeguarding against the challenges posed by blockchain trilemma","author":"Shafin","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6874055","DOI":"10.1049\/2024\/6874055","article-title":"Breaking the blockchain trilemma: a comprehensive consensus mechanism for ensuring security, scalability, and decentralization","volume":"2024","author":"Md Shafin","year":"2024","journal-title":"IET Softw"},{"key":"ref57","series-title":"2018 1st IEEE International Conference on Hot Information-Centric Networking (HotICN)","first-page":"87","article-title":"A scalable and adaptive permissioned blockchain architecture","author":"He","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1049\/ise2.12124","article-title":"Solving blockchain trilemma using off-chain storage protocol","volume":"17","author":"Reno","year":"2023","journal-title":"IET Inform Sec"},{"key":"ref59","unstructured":"Bayona Bult\u00f3 \u00c1. A comprehensive evaluation of ethereum, solana, and avalanche in addressing the blockchain trilemma; 2023. [cited 2025 May 6]. Available from: https:\/\/repositorio.comillas.edu\/xmlui\/handle\/11531\/81462."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2024.3417341","article-title":"The blockchain trilemma: an evaluation framework","volume":"41","author":"Quattrocchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Softw"},{"key":"ref61","series-title":"2024 6th International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)","first-page":"263","article-title":"Optimizing blockchain broadcast performance to address the CAP trilemma","author":"Pei","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.26599\/TST.2024.9010136","article-title":"Time-beacon beats blockchain trilemma","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tsinghua Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref63","series-title":"2018 26th International Conference on Systems Engineering (ICSEng)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficient high performance FPGA based NoSQL caching system for blockchain scalability and throughput improvement","author":"Sanka","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref64","series-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Scalable and Resilient Infrastructures for Distributed Ledgers","first-page":"1","article-title":"Scalability for resource-constrained accountable vehicle-to-x communication","author":"van der Heijden","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1145\/3312525","article-title":"Net neutrality: unexpected solution to blockchain scaling","volume":"62","author":"Kuzmanovic","year":"2019 Apr","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"key":"ref66","series-title":"2023 7th IEEE Congress on Information Science and Technology (CiSt)","first-page":"663","article-title":"Beyond the bug bounty programs trilemma: Bounty 3.0\u2019s blockchain-ZKP approach","author":"Hasnaoui","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref67","unstructured":"Principato M, Babel M, Guggenberger T, Kropp J, Mertel S. Towards solving the blockchain trilemma: an exploration of zero-knowledge proofs; 2023. [cited 2025 May 6]. Available from: https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/590878837.pdf."},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"53","article-title":"Bigchaindb: a scalable blockchain database","author":"McConaghy","year":"2016","journal-title":"white paper, BigChainDB"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"3879","article-title":"SHBF: a secure and scalable hybrid blockchain framework for resolving trilemma challenges","volume":"16","author":"Al-Kafi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Inform Technol"},{"key":"ref70","series-title":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security Companion (QRS-C)","first-page":"139","article-title":"A multiple blockchains architecture on inter-blockchain communication","author":"Kan","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19602","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3367249","article-title":"Federated learning meets blockchain in decentralized data-sharing: healthcare use case","volume":"11","author":"Alsamhi","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"ref72","series-title":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain)","first-page":"41","article-title":"The blockchain trilemma described by a formula","author":"Nakai","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80559","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3410025","article-title":"A fFormulation of the trilemma in proof of work blockchain","volume":"12","author":"Nakai","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref74","series-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains for Distributed Systems","first-page":"71","article-title":"Scaling blockchains without giving up decentralization and security: a solution to the blockchain scalability trilemma","author":"Monte","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref75","series-title":"2024 6th Conference on Blockchain Research & Applications for Innovative Networks and Services (BRAINS)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mathematical modelling of dual-layer byzantine fault-tolerant consensus process for optimal sharding and mitigation of blockchain trilemma","author":"Fujihara","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref76","series-title":"2024 IEEE International Conferences on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing & Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical & Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData) and IEEE Congress on Cybermatics","first-page":"609","article-title":"Understanding blockchain trilemma, causes and solutions","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref77","series-title":"2018 IEEE 38th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)","first-page":"1337","article-title":"Towards dependable, scalable, and pervasive distributed ledgers with blockchains","author":"Zhang","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"41","article-title":"Comparative analysis of blockchain trilemma","volume":"12","author":"Yoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Adv Smart Converg"},{"key":"ref79","series-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Metaverse Computing, Networking, and Applications (MetaCom)","first-page":"97","article-title":"Quantifying the blockchain trilemma: a comparative analysis of Algorand, Ethereum 2.0, and beyond","author":"Fu","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2019.2949510","article-title":"Blockchain mutability: challenges and proposed solutions","volume":"9","author":"Politou","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Emerg Topics Comput"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/IJTD.300743","article-title":"Blockchain-based reliable framework for land registration information system","volume":"13","author":"Umrao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Technol Diffusion (IJTD)"},{"key":"ref82","series-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blockchain trilemma solver algorand has dilemma over undecidable messages","author":"Conti","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref83","series-title":"2022 4th International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICAC3N)","first-page":"2030","article-title":"Approaching solutions to blockchain security trilemma and consensus mechanisms","author":"Parashar","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.3390\/en17040915","article-title":"A blockchain-based scalability solution with microgrids peer-to-peer trade","volume":"17","author":"Boumaiza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref85","series-title":"Proceedings of the Seventeenth European Conference on Computer Systems","first-page":"34","article-title":"Narwhal and tusk: a dag-based mempool and efficient bft consensus","author":"Danezis","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref86","article-title":"A study of blockchain consensus protocols","author":"Arafat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cryptol ePrint Arch"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"1","article-title":"Solana: a new architecture for a high performance blockchain v0. 8.13","author":"Yakovenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Whitepaper"},{"key":"ref88","first-page":"1","article-title":"Parallel Byzantine fault tolerance consensus based on trusted execution environments","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Peer Peer Netw Appl"},{"key":"ref89","series-title":"Data Privacy Management, Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology: ESORICS 2017 International Workshops, DPM 2017 and CBT 2017","first-page":"297","article-title":"Securing proof-of-stake blockchain protocols","author":"Li","year":"2017 Sep 14\u201315"},{"key":"ref90","series-title":"2020 10th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)","first-page":"241","article-title":"Decentralized security bounty management on blockchain and IPFS","author":"Hoffman","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.30574\/gscarr.2024.19.2.0170","article-title":"Regulatory frameworks for decentralized finance (DEFI): challenges and opportunities","volume":"19","author":"Uzougbo","year":"2024","journal-title":"GSC Adv Res Rev"},{"key":"ref92","series-title":"2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","first-page":"614","article-title":"Anonymous multi-hop locks for blockchain privacy","author":"Malavolta","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teutsch J, Reitwie\u00dfner C. TrueBit: a scalable verification solution for blockchains; 2024. [cited 2025 May 18]. Available from: https:\/\/truebit.io\/whitepaper.pdf.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789811278631_0015"}],"container-title":["Computers, Materials &amp; Continua"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.techscience.cn\/files\/cmc\/2025\/TSP_CMC-84-2\/TSP_CMC_66366\/TSP_CMC_66366.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T01:53:50Z","timestamp":1763344430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.techscience.com\/cmc\/v84n2\/62936"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/cmc.2025.066366","relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-2226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1546-2226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}