{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T17:54:29Z","timestamp":1772906069803,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Tech Science Press","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CMC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2025.067359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T08:55:43Z","timestamp":1754556943000},"page":"3151-3183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Deep Learning Models for Detecting Cheating in Online Exams"],"prefix":"10.32604","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Siham","family":"Essahraui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ismail","family":"Lamaakal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yassine","family":"Maleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Khalid El","family":"Makkaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mouncef Filali","family":"Bouami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Ouahbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"May","family":"Almousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali Abdullah S.","family":"AlQahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ahmed A. Abd","family":"El-Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"17807","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-023-01148-z","article-title":"A review of the benefits and drawbacks of high-stakes final examinations in higher education","volume":"88","author":"French","year":"2024","journal-title":"Higher Educ"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2024.3462892","article-title":"Impact of gamified learning experience on online learning effectiveness","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Learn Technol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12117-5","article-title":"Toward a new educational reality: a mapping review of the role of e-assessment in the new digital context","volume":"29","author":"Ortiz-Lopez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9577","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3239779","article-title":"A text mining and statistical approach for assessment of pedagogical impact of students\u2019 evaluation of teaching and learning outcome in education","volume":"11","author":"Okoye","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"539","article-title":"Remote online-exam dishonesty in medical school during COVID-19 pandemic: a real-world case with a multi-method approach","volume":"22","author":"Pongchaikul","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Acad Ethics"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"267","article-title":"A hybrid teaching model for engineering courses suitable for pandemic conditions","volume":"16","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Paz","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Rev Iberoam Tecnol Aprendiz"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10805-023-09485-5","article-title":"How common is cheating in online exams and did it increase during the COVID-19 pandemic? A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Newton","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Acad Ethics"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2024.3349705","article-title":"Multiple instance learning for cheating detection and localization in online examinations","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cogn Dev Syst"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24561","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3253484","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of context-aware continuous implicit authentication in online learning environments","volume":"11","author":"Ryu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14060656","article-title":"ChatGPT: the end of online exam integrity?","volume":"14","author":"Susnjak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10805-024-09502-1","article-title":"Students\u2019 online cheating reasons and strategies: EFL teachers\u2019 strategies to abolish cheating in online examinations","volume":"22","author":"Taherkhani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Acad Ethics"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information Technology Research (ICITR); 2021 Dec 1\u20132","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cheating detection in browser-based online exams through eye gaze tracking","author":"Dilini","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 International Conference on Computer, Internet of Things and Microwave Systems (ICCIMS); 2024 Jul 29\u201331","first-page":"1","article-title":"A cheating detection system in online exams through real-time facial emotion recognition of students","author":"Khabbachi","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40979-018-0025-x","article-title":"Addressing cheating in e-assessment using student authentication and authorship checking systems: teachers\u2019 perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Mellar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Educ Integr"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-023-08696-7","article-title":"Automated smart artificial intelligence-based proctoring system using deep learning","volume":"28","author":"Verma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 International Conference on Intelligent Algorithms and Computational Intelligence Systems (IACIS); 2024 Aug 23\u201324","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identity verification in real-time proctoring: an integrated approach with face recognition and eye tracking","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effectiveness of pre-trained CNN networks for detecting abnormal activities in online exams","volume":"81","author":"Ramzan","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"200153","article-title":"Towards effective and efficient online exam systems using deep learning-based cheating detection approach","volume":"16","author":"Kaddoura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intell Syst Appl"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3390\/computation11060120","article-title":"Research on the development of a proctoring system for conducting online exams in Kazakhstan","volume":"11","author":"Nurpeisova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computation"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13230","DOI":"10.3390\/su142013230","article-title":"Facial recognition system to detect student emotions and cheating in distance learning","volume":"14","author":"Ozdamli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4048","DOI":"10.3390\/app14104048","article-title":"Multi-perspective adaptive paperless examination cheating detection system based on image recognition","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Auto-proctoring using computer vision in MOOCs system","volume":"1","author":"Dang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30375","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-14604-w","article-title":"An automated online proctoring system using Attentive-Net to assess student mischievous behavior","volume":"82","author":"Potluri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Third International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Analysis (ICCPA 2023)","first-page":"529","article-title":"Double-frame rate-based cheat detection","volume":"12754","author":"Wang","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 2nd Asian Conference on Innovation in Technology (ASIANCON); 2022 Aug 26\u201328","first-page":"1","article-title":"Smart online exam invigilation using AI-based facial detection and recognition algorithms","author":"Thampan","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2024.04.131","article-title":"Enhancing academic integrity in online assessments: introducing an effective online exam proctoring model using YOLO","volume":"235","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Innovation in Science and Engineering Technology (ICISET); 2022 Feb 26\u201327","first-page":"146","article-title":"A robust webcam-based eye gaze estimation system for human-computer interaction","author":"Roy","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Competitive Strategies","first-page":"31","article-title":"Proficient exam monitoring system using deep learning techniques","author":"Parkhi","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Advanced Computing Technologies and Applications (ICACTA); 2023 Oct 6\u20137","first-page":"1","article-title":"Online examination auto-proctoring system","author":"Gadkar","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 11th European Workshop on Visual Information Processing (EUVIP); 2023 Sep 11\u201314","first-page":"1","article-title":"Semi-supervised anomaly detection in electronic-exam proctoring based on skeleton similarity","author":"Atabay","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Computing (ICOCO); 2021 Nov 17\u201319","first-page":"236","article-title":"Exam cheating detection system with multiple-human pose estimation","author":"Samir","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2017.2656064","article-title":"Automated online exam proctoring","volume":"19","author":"Atoum","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Multimed"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2022.112266","article-title":"Proctor Net: an AI framework for suspicious activity detection in online proctored examinations","volume":"206","author":"Tejaswi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"3361","author":"LeCun","year":"1995","journal-title":"The handbook of brain theory and neural networks"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Howard AG. MobileNets: efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications.arXiv:1704.04861. doi:10.48550\/arXiv.1704.04861."},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"770","article-title":"Deep residual learning for image recognition","author":"He","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML); 2019 Jun 9\u201315","first-page":"6105","article-title":"EfficientNet: rethinking model scaling for convolutional neural networks","author":"Tan"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR); 2022 Jun 18\u201324","first-page":"11976","article-title":"A ConvNet for the 2020s","author":"Liu","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR); 2018 Jun 18\u201322","first-page":"7132","article-title":"Squeeze-and-excitation networks","author":"Hu","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV); 2018 Sep 8\u201314","first-page":"3","article-title":"CBAM: convolutional block attention module","author":"Woo","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV); 2021 Oct 10\u201317","first-page":"10012","article-title":"Swin Transformer: hierarchical vision transformer using shifted windows","author":"Liu","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR); 2016 Jun 27\u201330","article-title":"You only look once: unified, real-time object detection","author":"Redmon","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"535","article-title":"Research on remote intelligent monitoring system for online examination based on gaze direction classification","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc 9th Int Conf Comput Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment and Learning for Engineering (TALE)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Video-based recognition of online learning behaviors using attention mechanisms","author":"Huang","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"2022 IEEE Delhi section conference (DELCON 2022)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Smart artificial intelligence based online proctoring system","author":"Malhotra","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Computers, Materials & Continua"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.techscience.cn\/files\/cmc\/2025\/TSP_CMC-85-2\/TSP_CMC_67359\/TSP_CMC_67359.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T05:35:41Z","timestamp":1764826541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.techscience.com\/cmc\/v85n2\/63822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/cmc.2025.067359","relation":{},"ISSN":["1546-2226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1546-2226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}