{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T04:45:05Z","timestamp":1788929105654,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Leibniz Institute for Psychology (ZPID)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cpe.psychopen.eu"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin. Psychol. Eur."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The definition of psychological treatments and psychotherapy has various implications for communication within research and clinical care, as well as for legal issues \u2014 particularly in countries with psychotherapy acts. It can define what should be covered by public healthcare systems and who should be permitted to provide these services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We assembled a group of psychotherapists in Germany to develop an inclusive, scientific definition of psychotherapy. This definition should serve as an umbrella that is not limited to traditional treatment schools and is suitable for science, clinical care and legal acts. The group comprised people with different therapeutic backgrounds (e.g., CBT, psychodynamic and systemic therapy), experts from various disciplines (e.g., psychology, psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine), people focusing on different age groups (e.g., adults and youth), individuals with lived experience of psychotherapy and early career clinicians.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature review led us to consider four aspects of a definition. What are the treatment means or 'tools'? (modality of treatment); how does the treatment work? (Proposed change mechanisms, assumptions about causal and evidence-based processes and concepts); who receives psychotherapy? (target group); and who provides psychotherapy? (Provider). Based on these aspects, we offer a definition of psychological therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our suggested definition is not bound to specific treatment orientations, but is intended to encompass both traditional approaches and innovative developments. Our aim is to promote the evidence-based provision of psychological therapy within healthcare systems and legal frameworks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.32872\/cpe.22829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T07:28:02Z","timestamp":1780039682000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5964\/psychopen.cmp","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["How to define psychological therapy and psychotherapy? \u2013 An interdisciplinary proposal"],"prefix":"10.32872","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7019-2250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winfried","family":"Rief","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2740-6070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Asbrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8597-6131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Baumg\u00e4rtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4126-5676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Dinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3058-5815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Fl\u00fcckiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8301-5798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Heinrichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9676-1928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine C.","family":"Herpertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6674-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"Lincoln","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0778-7996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silke","family":"Lipinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5141-3847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5971-038X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Strauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8058-762X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svenja","family":"Taubner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Vorthmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9882-2261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Philipp","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1941","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barkham, M., Hardy, G. E., & Mellor-Clark, J. (2010). Developing and delivering practice-based evidence: A guide for the psychological therapies. John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470687994"},{"key":"r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1671776"},{"key":"r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620969647"},{"key":"r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castonguay, L. G., Constantino, M. J., & Beutler, L. E. E. (2019). Principles of change: How psychotherapists implement research in practice. 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PsychOpen GOLD is a service provided by the Leibniz Institute for Psychology (ZPID), Germany.","name":"publisher","label":"This article is published by"},{"value":"Editorial","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"How to define psychological therapy and psychotherapy? \u2013 An interdisciplinary proposal","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Psychology in Europe","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"The authors","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"},{"value":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","name":"license","label":"License"},{"value":"2026-05-29","name":"published","label":"Published"}],"article-number":"e22829"}}