{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T02:46:50Z","timestamp":1782355610570,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Polish Society of Microbiologists","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This non-interventional study was conducted at three cystic fibrosis (CF) treatment centers in Poland from August 2022 to July 2023. The aim was to assess the etiology of bacterial infection and evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility in CF patients. Prevalent pathogens were identified and their\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    susceptibility to commonly prescribed antibiotics was assessed, highlighting potential needs in CF antibiotic therapy. Results indicated that\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was the most frequently isolated strain and was highly susceptible to tigecycline, linezolid, vancomycin, co-trimoxazole, and ceftaroline.\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the second most common strain, was susceptible to colistin, ceftazidime\/avibactam, and tobramycin but exhibited high resistance to ciprofloxacin and cefepime. Coinfections of\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    were notably more prevalent in adult CF patients. Although bacterial diversity was comparable between adults and children, limited sample sizes for specific species constrained the statistical analysis. Notably, comprehensive resistance data were lacking for most samples; however, many\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains were classified as multidrug-resistant. Additionally, methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase\u2013producing strains of\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species were identified. This study highlights the importance of ongoing surveillance of bacterial pathogens and their resistance patterns in CF patients, as such information is essential for optimizing antibiotic therapy and improving clinical outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2025-040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T03:30:57Z","timestamp":1766806257000},"page":"471-483","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In vitro Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Polish patients with Cystic Fibrosis: A Non-Interventional Study"],"prefix":"10.33073","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"JUSTYNA","family":"MILCZEWSKA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis Department, Institute of Mother and Child , Warsaw , Poland"},{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Pediatric Hospital, Dziekan\u00f3w Le\u015bny , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"WOJCIECH","family":"SKORUPA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lung Diseases, Institute for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KATARZYNA","family":"WALICKA-SERZYSKO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis Department, Institute of Mother and Child , Warsaw , Poland"},{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Pediatric Hospital, Dziekan\u00f3w Le\u015bny , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DARIA","family":"SPRINGER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heliodor \u015awi\u0119cicki Clinical Hospital of the Karol Marcinkowski Medical University in Pozna\u0144 , Pozna\u0144 , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"EWA","family":"KO\u0141DA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, Greater Poland Center for Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery in Pozna\u0144 , Pozna\u0144 , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SZCZEPAN","family":"COFTA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heliodor \u015awi\u0119cicki Clinical Hospital of the Karol Marcinkowski Medical University in Pozna\u0144 , Pozna\u0144 , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"VIOLETTA","family":"PETRONIEC","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JOANNA","family":"NOWAK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANNA","family":"SCHNEIDER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, University Clinical Hospital in Pozna\u0144 , Pozna\u0144 , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANNA","family":"M\u00d3L","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heliodor \u015awi\u0119cicki Clinical Hospital of the Karol Marcinkowski Medical University in Pozna\u0144 , Pozna\u0144 , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MONIKA","family":"BOGIEL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Polska Sp. z o.o. , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DOROTA","family":"SANDS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis Department, Institute of Mother and Child , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"18083","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atkin SD, Abid S, Foster M, Bose M, Keller A, Hollaway R, Sader HS, Greenberg DE, Finklea JD, Castanheira M, et al. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis demonstrates a high rate of susceptibility to ceftazidime-avibactam. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:1499\u20131510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S173804","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S173804"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanchard AC, Waters VJ. Microbiology of cystic fibrosis airway disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;40(6):727\u2013736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0039-1698464","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1698464"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_003","unstructured":"Care for people with cystic fibrosis in Poland. Current status and recommendations for improvement. Report. Warsaw-Cracov (Poland): Care for People with Cystic Fibrosis in Poland; 2019 [cited 2024 Oct 09]. Available from https:\/\/ptwm.org.pl\/assets\/file\/501,raport_druk.pdf"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caverly LJ, VanDevanter DR. The elusive role of airway infection in cystic fibrosis exacerbation. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2022;11(Supplement_2):S40-s45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpids\/piac062","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piac062"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalmers JD, Moffitt KL, Suarez-Cuartin G, Sibila O, Finch S, Furrie E, Dicker A, Wrobel K, Elborn JS, Walker B, et al. Neutrophil elastase activity is associated with exacerbations and lung function decline in bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(10):1384\u20131393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rc-cm.201605-1027OC","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201605-1027OC"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_006","unstructured":"Davis CP. Normal flora. In: Baron S, ed. Medical Microbiology. 4th ed. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; 1996."},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer AJ, Singh SB, LaMarche MM, Maakestad LJ, Kienenberger ZE, Pena TA, Stoltz DA, Limoli DH. Sustained coinfections with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Cystic Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;203(3):328\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202004-1322OC","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202004-1322OC"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goss CH, Mayer-Hamblett N, Aitken ML, Rubenfeld GD, Ramsey BW. Association between Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and lung function in cystic fibrosis. Thorax. 2004;59(11):955-959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thx.2003.017707","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.017707"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00f8iby N, Ciofu O, Bjarnsholt T. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in cystic fibrosis. Future Microbiol. 2010;5(11):1663\u20131674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/fmb.10.125","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.125"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kesimer M, Ford AA, Ceppe A, Radicioni G, Cao R, Davis CW, Doerschuk CM, Alexis NE, Anderson WH, Henderson AG, et al. Airway mucin concentration as a marker of chronic bronchitis. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(10):911\u2013922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJ-Moa1701632","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1701632"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo DK, Muhlebach MS, Smyth AR. Interventions for the eradication of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in people with cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;12(12):Cd009650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD009650.pub5","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009650.pub5"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyczak JB, Cannon CL, Pier GB. Lung infections associated with cystic fibrosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15(2):194\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.15.2.194-222.2002","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.2.194-222.2002"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):268-281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsac C, Berdah L, Thouvenin G, Sermet-Gaudelus I, Corvol H. Achromobacter xylosoxidans airway infection is associated with lung disease severity in children with cystic fibrosis. ERJ Open Res. 2021;7(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.00076-2021","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00076-2021"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menetrey Q, Dupont C, Chiron R, Jumas-Bilak E, Marchandin H. High occurrence of bacterial competition among clinically documented opportunistic pathogens including Achromobacter xylosoxidans in cystic fibrosis. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:558160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.558160","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.558160"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milczewska J, Syunyaeva Z, \u017babi\u0144ska-Jaro\u0144 A, Sands D, Thee S. Changing profile of bacterial infection and microbiome in cystic fibrosis: when to use antibiotics in the era of CF-TR-modulator therapy. Eur Respir Rev. 2024;33(174). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0068-2024","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0068-2024"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naseem R, Howe N, Williams CJ, Pretorius S, Green K. What diagnostic tests are available for respiratory infections or pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis: a scoping literature review. Respir Investig. 2024;62(5):817\u2013831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resinv.2024.07.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2024.07.005"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolan PJ, Jain R, Cohen L, Finklea JD, Smith TT. In vitro activity of ceftolozane-tazobactam and ceftazidime-avibactam against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;99(2):115204.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115204"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang Z, Raudonis R, Glick BR, Lin TJ, Cheng Z. Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: mechanisms and alternative therapeutic strategies. Biotechnol Adv. 2019;37(1):177\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.11.013"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perikleous EP, Gkentzi D, Bertzouanis A, Paraskakis E, Sovtic A, Fouzas S. Antibiotic resistance in patients with cystic fibrosis: past, present, and future. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023;12(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12020217","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020217"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sands D, Milczewska J, Walicka-Serzysko K, Pogorzelski A, Cofta S, Skorupa W. Respiratory tract infections in cystic fibrosis. Forum Zakazen (PL). 2021;12:163\u2013173","DOI":"10.15374\/FZ2021025"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smyth AR, Bell SC, Bojcin S, Bryon M, Duff A, Flume P, Kashirskaya N, Munck A, Ratjen F, Schwarzenberg SJ, et al. European Cystic Fibrosis Society Standards of Care: Best practice guidelines. J Cyst Fibros. 2014;13 Suppl 1:S23\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcf.2014.03.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2014.03.010"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tacconelli E, Carrara E, Savoldi A, Harbarth S, Mendelson M, Monnet DL, Pulcini C, Kahlmeter G, Kluytmans J, Carmeli Y, et al. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(3):318\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turcios NL. Cystic fibrosis lung disease: An overview. Respir Care 2020;65(2):233\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.06697","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.06697"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valenza G, Tappe D, Turnwald D, Frosch M, K\u00f6nig C, Hebestreit H, Abele-Horn M. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from sputa of patients with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2008;7(2):123\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j. jcf.2007.06.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2007.06.006"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Worlitzsch D, Tarran R, Ulrich M, Schwab U, Cekici A, Meyer KC, Birrer P, Bellon G, Berger J, Weiss T, et al. Effects of reduced mucus oxygen concentration in airway Pseudomonas infections of cystic fibrosis patients. J Clin Invest. 2002;109(3):317\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI13870","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0213870"},{"key":"2026062423032783205_j_pjm-2025-040_ref_027","unstructured":"Zolin A, Orenti A, Jung A, van Rens J, et al. ECFSPR Annual Report 2021. Karup (Denmark): European Cystic Fibrosis Society; 2023."}],"container-title":["Polish Journal of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.33073\/pjm-2025-040","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T02:02:59Z","timestamp":1782352979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.33073\/pjm-2025-040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.33073\/pjm-2025-040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33073\/pjm-2025-040","relation":{},"ISSN":["2544-4646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2544-4646","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}