{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T02:46:54Z","timestamp":1782355614032,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Polish Society of Microbiologists","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Monitoring antibiotic consumption (AMC) in the community sector is essential for understanding prescribing patterns and informing national stewardship policies. This analysis presents recent trends in community antibiotic use in Poland from 2019 to 2024, focusing on temporal dynamics and progress toward the European Union\u2019s 2030 reduction targets. By 2030, there should be an overall reduction in AMC, with at least 65% of total AMC in humans accounted for by drugs from the WHO Access group, first- or second-line antibiotics for common infections with a narrower spectrum of action.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Data on systemic antibacterials (ATC J01) were obtained from IQVIA Poland and expressed in defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID). Antibiotic use in the community sector sharply declined in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but then increased, surpassing pre-pandemic levels by 2022. By 2024, community consumption reached 21.2 DID, remaining significantly above the EU\/EEA average. Penicillins (J01C) consistently accounted for the largest share of use, primarily due to broad-spectrum agents like amoxicillin-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations (e.g., amoxicillin\u2013clavulanic acid). The use of narrow-spectrum penicillins remained low. Macrolides (J01F) and cephalosporins and other beta-lactams (J01D) experienced a marked post-pandemic increase, while tetracyclines (J01A) and quinolones (J01M) remained relatively stable. In 2024, Access antibiotics comprised 57.3% total outpatient use, indicating that narrower-spectrum agents are underused in Poland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings suggest that enhancing stewardship programs, improving access to microbiological diagnostic testing, and ensuring consistent adherence to infection-prevention measures will be crucial in achieving the EU and WHO 2030 goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2025-046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T03:46:26Z","timestamp":1766807186000},"page":"525-534","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antimicrobial Consumption in The Community Sector in Poland, 2019-2024: Changes and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.33073","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Aneta","family":"Mroczkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Pawlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Independent Public Specialized Health Care Facility , L\u0119bork , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaros\u0141aw","family":"Bysiek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Skoczynska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waleria","family":"Hryniewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"18083","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bindel LJ, Seifert R. Most European countries will miss EU targets on antibacterial use by 2030: historical analysis of European and OECD countries, comparison of community and hospital sectors and forecast to 2040. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025;398(8):10195\u201310220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-025-03887-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-03887-5"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruyndonckx R, Adriaenssens N, Versporten A, Hens N, Monnet DL, Molenberghs G, Goossens H, Weist K, Coenen S, ESAC-Net Study Group. Consumption of antibiotics in the community, European Union\/European Economic Area, 1997\u20132017. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021;76(12 Suppl 2):ii7\u2013ii13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkab172","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab172"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_003","unstructured":"Chlabicz M, Chlabicz S, Marcinowicz L, Rogowska-Szadkowska D, Pytel-Krolczuk B, Leszczynska K. Outpatient use of systemic antibiotics in Poland: 2004\u20132008. Przegl Epidemiol. 2014;68(3):435\u2013441, 543\u2013547. English, Polish. https:\/\/www. przeglepidemiol.pzh.gov.pl\/Outpatient-use-of-systemic-antibiotics-in-Poland-2004-2008,180408,0,2.html"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyar OJ, Beovic B, Vlahovic-Palcevski V, Verheij T, Pulcini C, on behalf of the ESCMID Education Committee. How can we improve antibiotic prescribing in primary care? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016;14(4):403\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14787210.2016.1151353","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2016.1151353"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_005","unstructured":"ECDC. Antimicrobial consumption in the EU\/EEA (ESAC-Net) \u2013 annual epidemiological report for 2023. Stockholm (Sweden): European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2024. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/ESAC-Net_re-port-2023.pdf"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_006","unstructured":"ECDC. Latest surveillance data on antimicrobial consumption. Dashboard. Stockholm (Sweden): European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2025. https:\/\/qap.ecdc.europa.eu\/public\/extensions\/AMC2_Dashboard\/AMC2_Dashboard.html#eu-consumption-tab"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_007","unstructured":"ECDC. Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption in Europe 2012. Stockholm (Sweden): European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2014. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/en\/publications\/Publications\/antimicrobial-consumption-eu-rope-esac-net-2012.pdf"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2022;400(10369):2221\u20132248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02185-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02185-7"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou J, Long X, Wang X, Li L, Mao D, Luo Y, Ren H. Global trend of antimicrobial resistance in common bacterial pathogens in response to antibiotic consumption. J Hazard Mater. 2023;442:130042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130042"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_010","unstructured":"Hryniewicz W, Albrecht P, Radzikowski A. Rekomendacje post^powania w pozaszpitalnych zaka\u017ceniach uk\u0142adu oddechowego [Internet]. Warsaw (Poland): National Medicines Institute; 2016 [cited 2025 Sep 29]. Available from https:\/\/koroun.nil.gov.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/RekomendacjeA42009.pdf"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein EY, Van Boeckel TP, Martinez EM, Pant S, Gandra S, Levin SA, Goossens H, Laxminarayan R. Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115(15):E3463\u2013E3470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1717295115","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717295115"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kostev K, Upadhyaya S, Utsch O, Sosnowska K, Konrad M, Tanislav C. Antibiotic prescription patterns in the post-COVID-19 era in six European countries: a cross-sectional study. Antibiotics (Basel). 2025;14(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics14090911","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14090911"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin R, Duan L, Liu C, Wang D, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhang X, Wang Q, Zheng S, Liu C. The public\u2019s antibiotic use behavioural patterns and their determinants for upper respiratory tract infections: a latent class analysis based on consumer behaviour model in China. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1231370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1231370","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1231370"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendelson M, Lewnard JA, Sharland M, Cook A, Pouwels KB, Alimi Y, Mpundu M, Wesangula E, Weese JS, Rottingen JA, et al. Ensuring progress on sustainable access to effective antibiotics at the 2024 UN General Assembly: a target-based approach. Lancet. 2024;403(10443):2551-2564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01019-5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01019-5"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moja L, Zanichelli V, Mertz D, Gandra S, Cappello B, Cooke GS, Chuki P, Harbarth S, Pulcini C, Mendelson M, et al. WHO\u2019s essential medicines and aware: recommendations on first- and second-choice antibiotics for empiric treatment of clinical infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2024;30 Suppl 2:S1\u2013S51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.02.003"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_016","unstructured":"Mroczkowska A, Pawlik K, Bysiek J, Hryniewicz W, Skoczy\u0144ska A. Monitorowanie zu\u017cycia antybiotyk\u00f3w w lecznictwie otwartym za rok 2023 [Internet]. Warsaw (Poland): National Medicines Institute; 2024 [cited 2025 Sep 29]. Available from https:\/\/antybiotyki. edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Raport-NPZ-4.1-Konsumpcja-otwarte-2023_2024_12_20.pdf"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munro AP, House T. Cycles of susceptibility: immunity debt explains altered infectious disease dynamics post-pandemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciae493","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae493"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_018","unstructured":"NFZ. National Health Fund, Ordinance No. 79\/2022\/DSOZ of the President of the National Health Fund of 29 June 2022 on the conditions for concluding and implementing contracts for the provision of healthcare services, such as primary health care (Polish) [Internet]. Warsaw (Poland): 2022 [cited 2025 Sep 29]. Available from https:\/\/baw.nfz.gov.pl\/NFZ\/document\/349\/Zarz%C4%85dzenie-79_2022_DSOZ"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_019","unstructured":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health. ATC\/DDD index [Internet]. Oslo (Norway): Norwegian Institute of Public Health; 2025 [cited 2025 Sep 29]. Available from https:\/\/atcddd.fhi.no\/atc_ddd_ index"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olczak-Pienkowska A, Hryniewicz W. Impact of social, economic, and healthcare factors on the regional structure of antibiotic consumption in primary care in Poland (2013-2017). Front Public Health. 2021;9:680975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.680975","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.680975"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_021","unstructured":"Ooms G. Monitoring antimicrobial resistance in the EU: addressing the challenges and supporting effective action. 2025. Health Action International. https:\/\/haiweb.org\/storage\/2025\/03\/Monitoring-AMR-in-the-EU.pdf"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman S, Kesselheim AS, Hollis A. Persistence of resistance: a panel data analysis of the effect of antibiotic usage on the prevalence of resistance. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2023;76(5):270\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41429-023-00601-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41429-023-00601-6"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefaniuk E, Suchocka U, Bosacka K, Hryniewicz W. Etiology and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial pathogens responsible for community-acquired urinary tract infections in Poland. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;35(8):1363\u20131369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-016-2673-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2673-1"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_024","unstructured":"Sur DKC, Plesa ML. Antibiotic use in acute upper respiratory tract infections. Am Fam Physician. 2022;106(6):628\u2013636."},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomczyk S, Taylor A, Brown A, de Kraker MEA, El-Saed A, Alshamrani M, Hendriksen RS, Jacob M, Lofmark S, Perovic O, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the surveillance, prevention and control of antimicrobial resistance: a global survey. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021;76(11):3045\u20133058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkab300","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab300"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ventura-Gabarro C, Leung VH, Vlahovic-Palcevski V, Machowska A, Monnet DL, Hogberg LD, ESAC-Net Study Group. Rebound in community antibiotic consumption after the observed decrease during the COVID-19 pandemic, EU\/EEA, 2022. Euro Surveill. 2023;28(46). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917. ES.2023.28.46.2300604","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.46.2300604"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_027","unstructured":"WHO. AWaRe classification of antibiotics for evaluation and monitoring of use, 2023 [Internet]. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2023 [cited 2025 Sep 29]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-MHP-HPS-EML-2023.04"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_028","unstructured":"Wojtyniak B, Smaga A. Sytuacja zdrowotna ludno\u015bci Polski i jej uwarunkowania, 2025. Warsaw (Poland): National Institute of Public Health NIH \u2013 National Research Institute; 2025 [cited 2025 Nov 06]. Available from https:\/\/www.pzh.gov.pl\/raport-sytu-acja-zdrowotna-ludnosci-polski-i-jej-uwarunkowania-2025"},{"key":"2026062423151582906_j_pjm-2025-046_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zbrzezniak JM, Paradowska-Stankiewicz I. Lyme disease in Poland in 2022. Przegl Epidemiol. 2024;78(3):345\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32394\/pe\/195135","DOI":"10.32394\/pe\/195135"}],"container-title":["Polish Journal of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.33073\/pjm-2025-046","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T02:04:32Z","timestamp":1782353072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.33073\/pjm-2025-046"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.33073\/pjm-2025-046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33073\/pjm-2025-046","relation":{},"ISSN":["2544-4646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2544-4646","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}