{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T13:29:20Z","timestamp":1787146160294,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Polish Society of Microbiologists","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Alterations in gut microbiota have been reported in coeliac disease (CeD). However, longitudinal evidence distinguishing disease-related effects from diet-driven changes after gluten-free diet initiation remains scarce, particularly in pediatric cohorts. The present study aimed to evaluate time-dependent changes in selected intestinal microorganisms in children with CeD before and during adherence to a gluten-free diet and to compare these findings with those of healthy controls. Microbial DNA isolates from stool samples of pediatric patients with CeD (n = 24) and healthy children (n = 24) were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Samples from CeD patients were categorized into four time points: pre-diet, 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year follow-up. The healthy controls were assessed once. The prevalence and microbial load of selected microorganisms were evaluated.\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. remained highly prevalent across all time points, although their abundance varied significantly over follow-up, with the lowest levels at one year and higher levels at two years, comparable to those in controls. The prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>Candida tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    increased significantly during dietary treatment, reaching levels similar to those of healthy children after two years.\n                    <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed a gradual rise in prevalence and abundance, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>Methanobrevibacter smithii<\/jats:italic>\n                    remained infrequent with low and fluctuating microbial load. The duration of adherence to a gluten-free diet appears to influence gut microbial profiles in pediatric CeD. The selected gut microbiota microorganisms\u2019 assessment may serve as a complementary tool for understanding intestinal adaptation during dietary treatment, however, its routine clinical application requires further validation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2026-017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T11:58:26Z","timestamp":1782820706000},"page":"195-209","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal Changes in Selected Gut Microorganisms During Gluten-Free Diet in Pediatric Coeliac Disease"],"prefix":"10.33073","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Zi\u0119ba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student of Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College , Cracow , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Dro\u017cd\u017c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College , Cracow , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Krawczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College , Cracow , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"18083","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081913073946057_j_pjm-2026-017_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Toma A, Volta U, Auricchio R, Castillejo G, Sanders DS, Cellier C, Mulder CJ, Lundin KEA. 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