{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:38:08Z","timestamp":1782977888913,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001921","name":"Public Health Research programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/122\/33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/122\/33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Link worker social prescribing enables health-care professionals to address patients\u2019 non-medical needs by linking patients into various services. Evidence for its effectiveness and how it is experienced by link workers and clients is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\"><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate the impact and costs of a link worker social prescribing intervention on health and health-care costs and utilisation and to observe link worker delivery and patient engagement.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\"><jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Quality Outcomes Framework and Secondary Services Use data.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Multimethods comprising (1) quasi-experimental evaluation of effects of social prescribing on health and health-care use, (2) cost-effectiveness analysis, (3) ethnographic methods to explore intervention delivery and receipt, and (4) a supplementary interview study examining intervention impact during the first UK COVID-19 lockdown (April\u2013July 2020).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\"><jats:title>Study population and setting<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Community-dwelling adults aged 40\u201374 years with type 2 diabetes and link workers in a socioeconomically deprived locality of North East England, UK.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\"><jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Link worker social prescribing to improve health and well-being-related outcomes among people with long-term conditions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\"><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>(1) Health outcomes study, approximately <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098400 patients; EuroQol-5 Dimensions, five-level version (EQ-5D-5L), study, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009694 (baseline) and <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009474 (follow-up); (2) ethnography, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200920 link workers and <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200919 clients; and COVID-19 interviews, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200914 staff and <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200944 clients.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\"><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The main outcome measures were glycated haemoglobin level (HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>; primary outcome), body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol level, smoking status, health-care costs and utilisation, and EQ-5D-5L score.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-9\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Intention-to-treat analysis of approximately 8400 patients in 13 intervention and 11 control general practices demonstrated a statistically significant, although not clinically significant, difference in HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> level (\u20131.11\u2009mmol\/mol) and a non-statistically significant 1.5-percentage-point reduction in the probability of having high blood pressure, but no statistically significant effects on other outcomes. Health-care cost estimates ranged from \u00a318.22 (individuals with one extra comorbidity) to \u2013\u00a350.35 (individuals with no extra comorbidity). A statistically non-significant shift from unplanned (non-elective and accident and emergency admissions) to planned care (elective and outpatient care) was observed. Subgroup analysis showed more benefit for individuals living in more deprived areas, for the ethnically white and those with fewer comorbidities. The mean cost of the intervention itself was \u00a31345 per participant; the incremental mean health gain was 0.004 quality-adjusted life-years (95% confidence interval \u20130.022 to 0.029 quality-adjusted life-years); and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was \u00a3327,250 per quality-adjusted life-year gained. Ethnographic data showed that successfully embedded, holistic social prescribing providing supported linking to navigate social determinants of health was challenging to deliver, but could offer opportunities for improving health and well-being. However, the intervention was heterogeneous and was shaped in unanticipated ways by the delivery context. Pressures to generate referrals and meet targets detracted from face-to-face contact and capacity to address setbacks among those with complex health and social problems.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-10\"><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The limitations of the study include (1) a reduced sample size because of non-participation of seven general practices; (2) incompleteness and unreliability of some of the Quality and Outcomes Framework data; (3) unavailability of accurate data on intervention intensity and patient comorbidity; (4) reliance on an exploratory analysis with significant sensitivity analysis; and (5) limited perspectives from voluntary, community and social enterprise.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-11\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This social prescribing model resulted in a small improvement in glycaemic control. Outcome effects varied across different groups and the experience of social prescribing differed depending on client circumstances.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-12\"><jats:title>Future work<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To examine how the NHS Primary Care Network social prescribing is being operationalised; its impact on health outcomes, service use and costs; and its tailoring to different contexts.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-13\"><jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This trial is registered as ISRCTN13880272.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-14\"><jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme, Community Groups and Health Promotion (grant no. 16\/122\/33) and will be published in full in <jats:italic>Public Health Research<\/jats:italic>; Vol. 11, No. 2. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/aqxc8219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T13:09:31Z","timestamp":1680700171000},"page":"1-185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Impact of a social prescribing intervention in North East England on adults with type 2 diabetes: the SPRING_NE multimethod study"],"prefix":"10.3310","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8553-249X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Suzanne","family":"Moffatt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6759-4948","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John","family":"Wildman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0544-0158","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tessa M","family":"Pollard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9812-8269","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kate","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9669-6708","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Josephine M","family":"Wildman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7773-6871","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicola","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1725-8054","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bethan","family":"Griffith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9005-4680","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephanie L","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3025-5413","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eoin","family":"Moloney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2814-5880","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jayne","family":"Jeffries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0583-3779","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0370-4903","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wael","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Economics and Decision Science (DTC), Sheffield University, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref1-bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e015203","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015203","article-title":"Link worker social prescribing to improve health and well-being for people with long-term conditions: qualitative study of service user perceptions","volume":"7","author":"Moffatt","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref2-bib2","volume-title":"The NHS Long Term Plan","author":"NHS England","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref3-bib3","volume-title":"Universal Personalised Care: Implementing the Comprehensive Model","author":"NHS England","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref4-bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12839","article-title":"What approaches to social prescribing work, for whom, and in what circumstances? A realist review","volume":"28","author":"Husk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref5-bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2017.03.010","article-title":"Impact of social prescribing on general practice workload and polypharmacy","volume":"148","author":"Loftus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref6-bib6","volume-title":"A Very General Practice. How Much Time do GPs Spend on Issues Other than Health?","author":"Caper","year":"2015"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref7-bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4882-7","article-title":"Social prescribing for people with mental health needs living in disadvantaged communities: the life rooms model","volume":"20","author":"Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref8-bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1017\/S146342360800087X","article-title":"Can social prescribing provide the missing link?","volume":"9","author":"South","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prim Health Care Res Dev"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref11-bib11","volume-title":"Social Prescribing Network","author":"Social Prescribing Network","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref12-bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1177\/0141076820947057","article-title":"Maximising the impact of social prescribing on population health in the era of COVID-19","volume":"113","author":"Younan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref14-bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-1510-7","article-title":"Supporting social prescribing in primary care by linking people to local assets: a realist review","volume":"18","author":"Tierney","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref15-bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12716","article-title":"Link workers\u2019 perspectives on factors enabling and preventing client engagement with social prescribing","volume":"27","author":"Wildman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref16-bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.01.039","article-title":"Social prescribing in the U.S. and England: emerging interventions to address patients\u2019 social needs","volume":"54","author":"Alderwick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref17-bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1017\/S1463423617000809","article-title":"\u2018Welzijn op Recept\u2019 (social prescribing): a helping hand in re-establishing social contacts \u2013 an explorative qualitative study","volume":"19","author":"Heijnders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prim Health Care Res Dev"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref18-bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e675","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp19X705569","article-title":"Current understanding and implementation of \u2018care navigation\u2019 across England: a cross-sectional study of NHS clinical commissioning groups","volume":"69","author":"Tierney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref19-bib19","volume-title":"Social Prescribing: A Rapid Literature Review to Inform Primary Care Policy in Australia","author":"Zurynski","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref20-bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1177\/1742395319882068","article-title":"The frontline of social prescribing \u2013 how do we ensure link workers can work safely and effectively within primary care?","volume":"17","author":"Frostick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronic Illn"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref21-bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1108\/JHOM-02-2019-0050","article-title":"Working in social prescribing services: a qualitative study","volume":"34","author":"Beardmore","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Health Organ Manag"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref22-bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp18X696617","article-title":"Delivering a primary care-based social prescribing initiative","volume":"68","author":"Skivington","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref23-bib23","volume-title":"National Association of Link Workers","author":"National Association of Link Workers","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref24-bib24","volume-title":"Care for the Carer: Social Prescribing Link Workers Views, Perspectives, and Experiences of Clinical Supervision and Wellbeing Support","author":"National Association of Link Workers","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref25-bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1017\/S1463423617000706","article-title":"A realist evaluation of social prescribing: an exploration into the context and mechanisms underpinning a pathway linking primary care with the voluntary sector","volume":"19","author":"Bertotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prim Health Care Res Dev"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref26-bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05443-8","article-title":"Applying critical systems thinking to social prescribing: a relational model of stakeholder \u2018buy-in\u2019","volume":"20","author":"Fixsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref27-bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-020-01264-0","article-title":"Social prescribing for individuals with mental health problems: a qualitative study of barriers and enablers experienced by general practitioners","volume":"21","author":"Aughterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref28-bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e033137","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033137","article-title":"The social cure of social prescribing: a mixed-methods study on the benefits of social connectedness on quality and effectiveness of care provision","volume":"9","author":"Kellezi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref29-bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e360","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12538","article-title":"Factors affecting general practice collaboration with voluntary and community sector organisations","volume":"26","author":"Southby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref30-bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1017\/S1463423616000219","article-title":"Developing and implementing a social prescribing intitiative in primary care: insights into the possibility of normalisation and sustainability from a UK case study","volume":"18","author":"Whitelaw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prim Health Care Res Dev"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref31-bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113047","article-title":"\u2018The state They\u2019re in\u2019: unpicking fantasy paradigms of health improvement interventions as tools for addressing health inequalities","volume":"256","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref32-bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12290","article-title":"Front-line perspectives on \u2018joined-up\u2019 working relationships: a qualitative study of social prescribing in the west of Scotland","volume":"25","author":"White","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref34-bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp19X702449","article-title":"A new hope: social prescribing in Cornwall","volume":"69","author":"Huddy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref35-bib35","volume-title":"BMJ Opinion","author":"Harrison","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref36-bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l271","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l271","article-title":"Helen Salisbury: social prescribing and the No 17 bus","volume":"364","author":"Salisbury","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref37-bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1136\/dtb.2019.000046","article-title":"Social prescribing: right idea, wrong name?","volume":"57","author":"Phizackerley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Ther Bull"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref38-bib38","volume-title":"The Ethics of Social Prescribing: An Overview","author":"Brown","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref39-bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp19X700325","article-title":"Social prescribing: where is the evidence?","volume":"69","author":"Husk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref40-bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2019.01.002","article-title":"Combining health and outcomes beyond health in complex evaluations of complex interventions: suggestions for economic evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Wildman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref41-bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013384","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013384","article-title":"Social prescribing: less rhetoric and more reality. A systematic review of the evidence","volume":"7","author":"Bickerdike","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref42-bib42","volume-title":"Effectiveness of social prescribing: an evidence synthesis","author":"Mason","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref43-bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1177\/1757913917737563","article-title":"Effects of a museum-based social prescription intervention on quantitative measures of psychological wellbeing in older adults","volume":"138","author":"Thomson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perspect Public Health"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref44-bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2778-y","article-title":"The impact of a social prescribing service on patients in primary care: a mixed methods evaluation","volume":"17","author":"Carnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref45-bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13200","article-title":"Impact of social prescribing to address loneliness: a mixed methods evaluation of a national social prescribing programme","volume":"29","author":"Foster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Soc Care in the Community"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref46-bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3437-7","article-title":"Understanding the effectiveness and mechanisms of a social prescribing service: a mixed method analysis","volume":"18","author":"Woodall","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref47-bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e026862","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026862","article-title":"The impact of the Luton social prescribing programme on energy expenditure: a quantitative before-and-after study","volume":"9","author":"Pescheny","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref48-bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e135","DOI":"10.1017\/S1463423619000598","article-title":"Does a social prescribing \u2018holistic\u2019 link-worker for older people with complex, multimorbidity improve well-being and frailty and reduce health and social care use and costs? A 12-month before-and-after evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Elston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prim Health Care Res Dev"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref49-bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2429","article-title":"Effectiveness of community-links practitioners in areas of high socioeconomic deprivation","volume":"17","author":"Mercer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref50-bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.14738\/assrj.33.1889","article-title":"What is the value of social prescribing?","volume":"3","author":"Kimberlee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Soc Sci Res J"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref51-bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105320944991","article-title":"Social prescribing as \u2018Social Cure\u2019: a longitudinal study of the health benefits of social connectedness within a social prescribing pathway","volume":"27","author":"Wakefield","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref52-bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdz155","article-title":"The impact of the Luton social prescribing programme on mental well-being: a quantitative before-and-after study","volume":"43","author":"Pescheny","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref53-bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/1742395319845427","article-title":"Does Self-Determination Theory help explain the impact of social prescribing? A qualitative analysis of patients\u2019 experiences of the Glasgow \u2018Deep-End\u2019 community links worker intervention","volume":"17","author":"Hanlon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chronic Illn"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref54-bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6349-x","article-title":"Service-users\u2019 perspectives of link worker social prescribing: a qualitative follow-up study","volume":"19","author":"Wildman","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref55-bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12976","article-title":"Connecting communities: a qualitative investigation of the challenges in delivering a national social prescribing service to reduce loneliness","volume":"28","author":"Holding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref56-bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-2893-4","article-title":"Facilitators and barriers of implementing and delivering social prescribing services: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Pescheny","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref58-bib58","volume-title":"UK Census Data","author":"UK Census Data","year":"2011"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref60-bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14225","article-title":"Diabetes in the UK: 2019","volume":"37","author":"Whicher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref61-bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03698.x","article-title":"Estimating the current and future costs of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the UK, including direct health costs and indirect societal and productivity costs","volume":"29","author":"Hex","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref63-bib63","volume-title":"Our 2016\/17 Business Plan","author":"NHS England","year":"2016"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref64-bib64","volume-title":"NHS Missing Chances to Improve Diabetes Care and Save Money as well as Lives","author":"Diabetes UK","year":"2014"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref65-bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60240-2","article-title":"Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: a cross-sectional study","volume":"380","author":"Barnett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref66-bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-020-00791-4","article-title":"Social inequality and diabetes: a commentary","volume":"11","author":"Barnard-Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref67-bib67","volume-title":"UK\u2019s Poorest Twice as Likely to Have Diabetes and its Complications","author":"Diabetes UK","year":"2009"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref68-bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2019.11.001","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities and type 2 diabetes complications: a systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Tatulashvili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref69-bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30271-0","article-title":"Risk factors for COVID-19-related mortality in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in England: a population-based cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Holman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref70-bib70","volume-title":"Ways to Wellness","author":"Ways to Wellness"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref71-bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g1687","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1687","article-title":"Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide","volume":"348","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref72-bib72","volume-title":"\u201cThanks for the Petunias\u201d: A Guide to Developing and Commissioning Non-traditional Providers to Support the Self Management of People with Long Term Conditions","author":"NHS North East Innovation Fund","year":"2011"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref73-bib73","volume-title":"Ways to Wellness Social Impact Bond: The UK\u2019s First Health SIB","author":"Ronicle","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref75-bib75","volume-title":"Ways to Wellness: Feasibility Study of the Impact of a Social Prescribing Intervention","author":"Moffatt","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref76-bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e026826","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026826","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of a community-based social prescribing intervention on people with type 2 diabetes in North East England: mixed-methods study protocol","volume":"9","author":"Moffatt","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref77-bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400829828","volume-title":"Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist\u2019s Companion","author":"Angrist","year":"2009"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref78-bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20181169","article-title":"Two-way fixed effects estimators with heterogeneous treatment effects","volume":"110","author":"De Chaisemartin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref79-bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1126-3","article-title":"Modelling the cost-effectiveness of pay-for-performance in primary care in the UK","volume":"16","author":"Pandya","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref80-bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/344122","article-title":"Outsourcing at will: the contribution of unjust dismissal doctrine to the growth of employment outsourcing","volume":"21","author":"Autor","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Labor Econ"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref81-bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040617-013507","article-title":"Designing difference in difference studies: best practices for public health policy research","volume":"39","author":"Wing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref82-bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w25018","volume-title":"Difference-in-Differences with Variation in Treatment Timing","author":"Goodman-Bacon","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref83-bib83","volume-title":"Health Econometrics Using Stata","author":"Deb","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref84-bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2017.01.004","article-title":"Two-part models are robust to endogenous selection","volume":"152","author":"Drukker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Econ Lett"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref85-bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2011.11.025","article-title":"The treatment effect, the cross difference, and the interaction term in nonlinear \u2018difference-in-differences\u2019 models","volume":"115","author":"Puhani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Econ Lett"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref86-bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0806470","article-title":"10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes","volume":"359","author":"Holman","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref87-bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7258.405","article-title":"Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study","volume":"321","author":"Stratton","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref88-bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2006.01102.x","article-title":"Improving life expectancy and decreasing the incidence of complications associated with type 2 diabetes: a modelling study of HbA1c targets","volume":"60","author":"Valentine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref89-bib89","first-page":"9","article-title":"Measuring success in health care value-based purchasing programs: findings from an environmental scan, literature review, and expert panel discussions","volume":"4","author":"Damberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rand Health Q"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref90-bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.14236\/jhi.v23i4.920","article-title":"Ethnicity recording in primary care computerised medical record systems: an ontological approach","volume":"23","author":"Tippu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Innov Health Inform"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref91-bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9903-x","article-title":"Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L)","volume":"20","author":"Herdman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref92-bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-012-0322-4","article-title":"Measurement properties of the EQ-5D-5L compared to the EQ-5D-3L across eight patient groups: a multi-country study","volume":"22","author":"Janssen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref93-bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3564","article-title":"Valuing health-related quality of life: an EQ-5D-5L value set for England","volume":"27","author":"Devlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref94-bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2012.02.008","article-title":"Interim scoring for the EQ-5D-5L: mapping the EQ-5D-5L to EQ-5D-3L value sets","volume":"15","author":"van Hout","year":"2012","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref95-bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2019.10.013","article-title":"The EQ-5D-5L value set for England: response to the \u2018Quality Assurance\u2019","volume":"23","author":"van Hout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref96-bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-5511-0","volume-title":"EQ-5D Value Sets: Inventory, Comparative Review and User Guide","author":"Szende","year":"2007"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref97-bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720004432","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from the UK household longitudinal study","volume":"52","author":"Daly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref98-bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2940-y","article-title":"UKPDS outcomes model 2: a new version of a model to simulate lifetime health outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using data from the 30 year United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study: UKPDS 82","volume":"56","author":"Hayes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref100-bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.2337\/dc05-2150","article-title":"Assessing the impact of visual acuity on quality of life in individuals with type 2 diabetes using the short form-36","volume":"29","author":"Clarke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref101-bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.2930","article-title":"The effect of diabetes complications on health-related quality of life: the importance of longitudinal data to address patient heterogeneity","volume":"23","author":"Alva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref102-bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9902-y","article-title":"A meta-analysis of health state valuations for people with diabetes: explaining the variation across methods and implications for economic evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Lung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref103-bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12647","article-title":"The impact of diabetes-related complications on healthcare costs: new results from the UKPDS (UKPDS 84)","volume":"32","author":"Alva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref105-bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13973","article-title":"The cost of diabetic foot ulcers and amputations to the National Health Service in England","volume":"36","author":"Kerr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref108-bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15807.2","article-title":"Making health economic models Shiny: a tutorial [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref110-bib110","volume-title":"For Ethnography","author":"Atkinson","year":"2015"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref111-bib111","volume-title":"Ethnography: Principles in Practice","author":"Hammersley","year":"1995"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref112-bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1136\/ebn.3.3.68","article-title":"Data analysis in qualitative research","volume":"3","author":"Thorne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Evid Based Nurs"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref113-bib113","volume-title":"Connected Voice","author":"Connected Voice","year":"2021"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref114-bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39569.510521.AD","article-title":"Complex interventions or complex systems? Implications for health economic evaluation","volume":"336","author":"Shiell","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref115-bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1087-6","article-title":"Being pragmatic about healthcare complexity: our experiences applying complexity theory and pragmatism to health services research","volume":"16","author":"Long","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref116-bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031912-114421","article-title":"Lessons from complex interventions to improve health","volume":"36","author":"Hawe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref117-bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/1356389018781357","article-title":"Evaluation amidst complexity: eight evaluation questions to explain how complex adaptive systems affect program impact","volume":"24","author":"Larson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evaluation"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref118-bib118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1076-9","article-title":"Simple rules for evidence translation in complex systems: a qualitative study","volume":"16","author":"Reed","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref119-bib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/0730888420983396","article-title":"Creating \u2018risky\u2019 new roles in healthcare: identities, boundary-making, and skilling under rationalization and consumer demand","volume":"48","author":"Cain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Work Occup"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref120-bib120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/17487870.2019.1572508","article-title":"To SIB or not to SIB? A comparative analysis of the commissioning processes of two proposed health-focused social impact bond financed interventions in England","volume":"24","author":"Fraser","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Econ Policy Reform"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref121-bib121","volume-title":"Social Innovation: How Societies Find the Power to Change","author":"Mulgan","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref122-bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/09540962.2020.1714288","article-title":"Debate: Would a social impact bond by any other name smell as sweet? Stretching the model and why it might matter","volume":"40","author":"Carter","year":"2020","journal-title":"PMM"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref123-bib123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/1468794112468472","article-title":"Picturing commuting: photovoice and seeking well-being in everyday travel","volume":"15","author":"Guell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual Res"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref124-bib124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732306298756","article-title":"Futher than the eye can see? Photo elicitation and research with men","volume":"17","author":"Oliffe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref125-bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203927076","volume-title":"The Logic of Care: Health and the Problem of Patient Choice","author":"Mol","year":"2008"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref126-bib126","volume-title":"Social Prescribing and Community-based Support","author":"NHS England","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref127-bib127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-954X.12425","article-title":"Not single spies but in battalions: a critical, sociological engagement with the idea of so-called \u2018troubled families\u2019","volume":"64","author":"Shildrick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sociol Rev"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref128-bib128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.01.018","article-title":"Conceptualisation of the \u2018good\u2019 self-manager: a qualitative investigation of stakeholder views on the self-management of long-term health conditions","volume":"176","author":"Ellis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref129-bib129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.12951","article-title":"Understanding behaviour change in context: examining the role of midstream social marketing programmes","volume":"41","author":"Luca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref130-bib130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.12101","article-title":"Thinking about changing mobility practices: how a social practice approach can help","volume":"36","author":"Nettleton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref131-bib131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1080\/13573322.2017.1367657","article-title":"Understanding the reproduction of health inequalities: physical activity, social class and Bourdieu\u2019s habitus","volume":"24","author":"Wiltshire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sport Educ Soc"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref132-bib132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2016.1250868","article-title":"Putting context centre stage: evidence from a systems evaluation of an area based empowerment initiative in England","volume":"27","author":"Orton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Public Health"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref133-bib133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13156","article-title":"\u2018Your wealth is your health\u2019: the fundamental causes of inequalities in diabetes management outcomes: a qualitative analysis","volume":"42","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref134-bib134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2020.1853058","article-title":"\u2018I don\u2019t think there\u2019s anything I can do which can keep me healthy\u2019: how the UK immigration and asylum system shapes the health & wellbeing of refugees and asylum seekers in Scotland","volume":"32","author":"Isaacs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Public Health"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref135-bib135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.01.026","article-title":"Short horizons and obesity futures: disjunctures between public health interventions and everyday temporalities","volume":"128","author":"Warin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref136-bib136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-009-9229-9","article-title":"Theorising interventions as events in systems","volume":"43","author":"Hawe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref137-bib137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1177\/0141076819887837","article-title":"Social prescribing during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study of service providers\u2019 and clients\u2019 experiences","volume":"22","author":"Morris","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref138-bib138","volume-title":"COVID-19 Policy Tracker: A Timeline of National Policy and Health System Responses to COVID-19 in England in 2020","author":"Dunn","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref139-bib139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref140-bib140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.018","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia \u2013 a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref141-bib141","volume-title":"Coronavirus and Shielding of Clinically Extremely Vulnerable People in England: 28 May to 3 June 2020","author":"Office for National Statistics (ONS)","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref142-bib142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e044067","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044067","article-title":"Change in time spent visiting and experiences of green space following restrictions on movement during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationally representative cross-sectional study of UK adults","volume":"11","author":"Burnett","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref143-bib143","volume-title":"The Experience of Older People Instructed to Shield or Self-isolate During the COVID-19 Pandemic","author":"Steptoe","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref144-bib144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa098","article-title":"A double burden of exclusion? Digital and social exclusion of older adults in times of COVID-19","volume":"76","author":"Seifert","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref145-bib145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e395","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30169-2","article-title":"COVID-19 and the digital divide in the UK","volume":"2","author":"Watts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref146-bib146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13295","article-title":"Link worker perspectives of early implementation of social prescribing: a \u2018Researcher-in-Residence\u2019 study","volume":"29","author":"Hazeldine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref148-bib148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-015-3247-0","article-title":"Community health worker interventions to improve glycemic control in people with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Palmas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref149-bib149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.0926","article-title":"Effect of a community health worker intervention among Latinos with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes: the Miami Healthy Heart Initiative randomized clinical trial","volume":"177","author":"Carrasquillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref150-bib150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E15","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd14.160344","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of a community health worker self-management support intervention among low-income adults with diabetes, Seattle, Washington, 2010\u20132014","volume":"14","author":"Nelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref151-bib151","volume-title":"A Review of the Evidence Assessing Impact of Social Prescribing on Healthcare Demand and Cost Implications","author":"Polley","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref152-bib152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7232.419","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of a referrals facilitator between primary care and the voluntary sector","volume":"320","author":"Grant","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref153-bib153","volume-title":"Addressing the Principle Drivers and Causes of Health Inequalities in the North East","author":"Drinkwater","year":"2014"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref154-bib154","unstructured":"Ronicle J, Stanworth N. Ways to Wellness Social Impact Bond: The UK\u2019s First Health SIB. London: Commissioning Better Outcomes Fund Evaluation; 2015. URL: www.vonne.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/files\/resources\/CBO_ways_to_wellness_report_1.pdf#:~:text=Ways%20to%20Wellness%20Deep%20Dive%20Report%3A%2004%20Payments,are%20made%20against%20the%20achievement%20towards%20this%20outcome (accessed 10 October 2020)."},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref155-bib155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPSM-03-2020-0070","article-title":"Performance management in social impact bonds: how an outcomes-based approach shapes hybrid partnerships","volume":"34","author":"Dixon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Public Sec Manag"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref156-bib156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1332\/204674313X13812372137921","article-title":"Social impact bonds: a wolf in sheep\u2019s clothing?","volume":"21","author":"McHugh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Poverty Soc Justice"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref157-bib157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1017\/S0047279417000125","article-title":"Social impact bonds: the role of private capital in outcome-based commissioning","volume":"47","author":"Edmiston","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Soc Policy"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref158-bib158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-227X-14-12","article-title":"National targets, process transformation and local consequences in an NHS emergency department (ED): a qualitative study","volume":"14","author":"Vezyridis","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref159-bib159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2017.1356909","article-title":"Theorising lifestyle drift in health promotion: explaining community and voluntary sector engagement practices in disadvantaged areas","volume":"27","author":"Powell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Public Health"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref160-bib160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.12783","article-title":"Lifestyle drift and the phenomenon of \u2018citizen shift\u2019 in contemporary UK health policy","volume":"41","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref161-bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446221976","volume-title":"The Imperative of Health: Public Health and the Regulated Body","author":"Lupton","year":"1995"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref162-bib162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214373","article-title":"Scaling COVID-19 against inequalities: should the policy response consistently match the mortality challenge?","volume":"75","author":"McCartney","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref163-bib163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510383498","article-title":"Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: theory, evidence, and policy implications","volume":"51","author":"Phelan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref164-bib164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13195","article-title":"Integrating fundamental cause theory and Bourdieu to explain pathways between socioeconomic status and health: the case of health insurance denials for genetic testing","volume":"43","author":"Hammad Mrig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sociol Health Ill"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref165-bib165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/13563890030093003","article-title":"Evidence, understanding and complexity: evaluation in non-linear systems","volume":"9","author":"Barnes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Evaluation"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref166-bib166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e042303","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042303","article-title":"Could social prescribing contribute to type 2 diabetes prevention in people at high risk? Protocol for a realist, multilevel, mixed methods review and evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Calder\u00f3n-Larra\u00f1aga","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref167-bib167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2013.006015","article-title":"Making the best match: selecting outcome measures for clinical trials and outcome studies","volume":"67","author":"Coster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref168-bib168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-016-1340-2","article-title":"Ethnographic methods for process evaluations of complex health behaviour interventions","volume":"17","author":"Morgan-Trimmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref170-bib170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/spol.12127","article-title":"Co-producing approaches to the management of dementia through social prescribing","volume":"50","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Policy Adm"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref171-bib171","volume-title":"Social Prescribing in Children and Young People. A Review of the Evidence","author":"Hayes","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref172-bib172","volume-title":"Household Income Inequality, UK: Financial Year Ending 2020","author":"Office for National Statistics (ONS)","year":"2021"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref173-bib173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-213186","article-title":"Are self-reported health inequalities widening by income? An analysis of British pseudo birth cohorts born, 1920-1970","volume":"74","author":"Jivraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref174-bib174","volume-title":"For Whose Benefit? The Lived Experiences of Welfare Reform","author":"Patrick","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref175-bib175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckx167","article-title":"Austerity and health: the impact in the UK and Europe","volume":"27","author":"Stuckler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref176-bib176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1017\/S1474746415000032","article-title":"How can households eat in austerity? Challenges for social policy in the UK","volume":"14","author":"Dowler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Policy Soc"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref177-bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1920\/BN.IFS.2019.BN0240","volume-title":"Changes in Councils\u2019 Adult Social Care and Overall Service Spending in England, 2009\u201310 to 2017\u201318","author":"Phillips","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref178-bib178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e046417","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046417","article-title":"Causal impact of social care, public health and healthcare expenditure on mortality in England: cross-sectional evidence for 2013\/2014","volume":"11","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref179-bib179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-021-01266-4","article-title":"COVID-19 and income inequality in OECD countries","volume":"22","author":"Wildman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref180-bib180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214401","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities","volume":"74","author":"Bambra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref181-bib181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s42413-020-00080-9","article-title":"Community-enhanced social prescribing: integrating community in policy and practice","volume":"5","author":"Morris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Community Wellbeing"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref182-bib182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1177\/0141076819887837","article-title":"There\u2019s something about social prescribing","volume":"112","author":"Abbasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JR Soc Med"},{"key":"key2023032818353000_ref183-bib183","volume-title":"Ways to Wellness: The First Six Years Approach, Findings and Learning","author":"Case","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Public Health Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2042149","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/AQXC8219\/AQXC8219.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2042149","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T11:43:58Z","timestamp":1733831038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/phr\/AQXC8219"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"references-count":168,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3310\/AQXC8219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/aqxc8219","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-4381","2050-439X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-4381","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-439X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made freely available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"},{"value":"07-2018","name":"contractual_start_date","label":"contractual_start_date","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"04-2021","name":"editorial_review_begun","label":"editorial review begun","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12-2021","name":"accepted_for_publication","label":"Accepted for publication","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}}]}}