{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:15:08Z","timestamp":1790007308982,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR132803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR132803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic migraine is a disabling condition, affecting 2\u20134% of adults globally. With the introduction of expensive calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies, it is timely to compare the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of preventive drugs for chronic migraine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of medications used for chronic migraine through systematic reviews and economic modelling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\"><jats:title>Eligibility criteria<\/jats:title><jats:p>Randomised controlled trials of drug treatments for efficacy with &gt; 100 participants with chronic migraine per arm; for adverse events &gt; 100 participants with episodic or chronic migraine per arm. Previous economic analyses of preventive drugs for chronic migraine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\"><jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eight databases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\"><jats:title>Reviews methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Systematic reviews, network meta-analysis and economic modelling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\"><jats:title>Outcomes<\/jats:title><jats:p>Monthly headache days, monthly migraine days, headache-related quality of life, cost-effectiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found 51 individual articles, reporting 11 randomised controlled trials, testing 6 drugs (topiramate, Botox, eptinezumab, erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab), versus placebo, on 7352 adults with chronic migraine. Calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies, Botox and topiramate reduced headache\/migraine days by 2.0\u20132.5, just under two, or by less than 1.5 days per month, respectively. In the network meta-analysis, eptinezumab 300 mg and fremanezumab monthly ranked in first place in both monthly headache day and monthly migraine day analyses. The calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies were consistently the best choices for headache\/migraine days and headache-related quality of life. Topiramate was very unlikely to be the best choice for headache\/migraine days and headache-related quality of life when compared to calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies or Botox. We found no trials of the commonly used drugs, such as propranolol or amitriptyline, to include in the analysis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The adverse events review included 40 randomised controlled trials with 25,891 participants; 3 additional drugs, amitriptyline, atogepant and rimegepant, were included. There were very few serious adverse events \u2013 none of which were linked to the use of these medications. Adverse events were common. Most people using some calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies reported injection site issues; and people using topiramate or amitriptyline had nervous system or gastrointestinal issues.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The cost-effectiveness review identified 16 studies evaluating chronic migraine medications in adults. The newer, injected drugs are more costly than the oral preventatives, but they were cost-effective.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Our economic model showed that topiramate was the least costly option and had the fewest quality-adjusted life-year gains, whereas eptinezumab 300 mg was more costly but generated the most quality-adjusted life-year gains. The cost-effectiveness acceptability frontier showed that topiramate was the most cost-effective medication if the decision maker is willing to pay up to \u00a350,000 per quality-adjusted life-year.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Our consensus workshop brought together people with chronic migraine and headache experts. Consensus was reached on the top three recommendations for future research on medications to prevent chronic migraine: (1) calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies and Botox versus calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies, (2) candesartan versus placebo and (3) flunarizine versus placebo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\"><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>Topiramate was the only oral drug for which we were able to include data. We did not find sufficient quality evidence to support the use of other oral drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-9\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We did not find evidence that the calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies are more clinically and cost-effective when compared to topiramate or Botox. We identified directions for future research these drugs might take.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-10\"><jats:title>Study registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42021265990, CRD42021265993 and CRD42021265995.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-11\"><jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title><jats:p>This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR132803) and is published in full in<jats:italic>Health Technology Assessment<\/jats:italic>; Vol. 28, No. 63. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/aywa5297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T13:48:20Z","timestamp":1728049700000},"page":"1-329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Preventive drug treatments for adults with chronic migraine: a systematic review with economic modelling"],"prefix":"10.3310","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5023-1160","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hema","family":"Mistry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5504-7189","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seyran","family":"Naghdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Clinical 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