{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:19:37Z","timestamp":1791875977594,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002001","name":"Health and Social Care Delivery Research (HSDR) Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17\/99\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17\/99\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Soc Care Deliv Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\"><jats:title>Background\/objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Family Nurse Partnership is an intensive home visiting programme for adolescent mothers. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Family Nurse Partnership on outcomes up to age 7 using national administrative data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>We created a linked cohort of all mothers aged 13\u201319 using data from health, educational and children\u2019s social care and defined mothers enrolled in the Family Nurse Partnership or not using Family Nurse Partnership system data. Propensity scores were used to create matched groups for analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and thirty-six local authorities in England with active Family Nurse Partnership sites between 2010 and 2017.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\"><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mothers aged 13\u201319 at last menstrual period with live births between April 2010 and March 2019, living in a Family Nurse Partnership catchment area and their firstborn child(ren).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\"><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Family Nurse Partnership includes up to 64 home visits by a family nurse from early pregnancy until the child\u2019s second birthday and is combined with usual health and social care. Controls received usual health and social care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\"><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Indicators of child maltreatment (hospital admissions for injury\/maltreatment, referral to social care services); child health and development (hospital utilisation and education) outcomes and maternal hospital utilisation and educational outcomes up to 7 years following birth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\"><jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title><jats:p>Family Nurse Partnership Information System, Hospital Episode Statistics, National Pupil Database.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 110,520 eligible mothers, 25,680 (23.2%) were enrolled in the Family Nurse Partnership. Enrolment rates varied across 122 sites (range: 11\u201368%). Areas with more eligible mothers had lower enrolment rates. Enrolment was higher among mothers aged 13\u201315 (52%), than 18\u201319 year-olds (21%).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Indicators of child maltreatment: we found no evidence of an association between the Family Nurse Partnership and indicators of child maltreatment, except for an increased rate of unplanned admissions for maltreatment\/injury-related diagnoses up to age 2 for children born to Family Nurse Partnership mothers (6.6% vs. 5.7%, relative risk 1.15; 95% confidence interval 1.07 to 1.24).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Child health and developmental outcomes: there was weak evidence that children born to Family Nurse Partnership mothers were more likely to achieve a Good Level of Development at age 5 (57.5% vs. 55.4%, relative risk 1.05; 95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.09). Maternal outcomes: There was some evidence that Family Nurse Partnership mothers were less likely to have a subsequent delivery within 18 months of the index birth (8.4% vs. 9.3%, relative risk 0.92; 95% confidence interval 0.88 to 0.97). Younger and more vulnerable mothers received higher numbers of visits and were more likely to achieve fidelity targets. Meeting the fidelity targets was associated with some outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-9\"><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bias by indication and variation in the intervention and usual care over time and between areas may have limited our ability to detect effects. Multiple testing may have led to spurious, significant results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-10\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study supports findings from evaluations of the Family Nurse Partnership showing no evidence of benefit for maltreatment outcomes measured in administrative data. Amongst all the outcomes measured, we found weak evidence that the Family Nurse Partnership was associated with improvements in child development at school entry, a reduction in rapid repeat pregnancies and evidence of increased healthcare-seeking in the mother and child.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-11\"><jats:title>Future work<\/jats:title><jats:p>Future evaluations should capture better measures of Family Nurse Partnership interventions and usual care, more information on maternal risk factors and additional outcomes relating to maternal well-being.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-12\"><jats:title>Study registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study is registered as NIHR CRN Portfolio (42900).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-13\"><jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title><jats:p>This award was funded by the National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (NIHR award ref: 17\/99\/19) and is published in full in<jats:italic>Health and Social Care Delivery Research<\/jats:italic>; Vol. 12, No. 11. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/bvdw6447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T07:33:16Z","timestamp":1716535996000},"page":"1-223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Evaluating the real-world implementation of the Family Nurse Partnership in England: a data linkage study"],"prefix":"10.3310","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9641-8780","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesca","family":"Cavallaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7366-9982","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amanda","family":"Clery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9347-2709","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruth","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9451-2335","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jan","family":"van der Meulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2507-0350","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sally","family":"Kendall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, 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