{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:47:24Z","timestamp":1792601244305,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/101\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/101\/02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Containment (e.g. physical restraint and seclusion) is used frequently in mental health inpatient settings. Containment is associated with serious psychological and physical harms. De-escalation (psychosocial techniques to manage distress without containment) is recommended to manage aggression and other unsafe behaviours, for example self-harm. All National Health Service staff are trained in de-escalation but there is little to no evidence supporting training\u2019s effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n Objectives were to: (1) qualitatively investigate de-escalation and identify barriers and facilitators to use across the range of adult acute and forensic mental health inpatient settings; (2) co-produce with relevant stakeholders an intervention to enhance de-escalation across these settings; (3) evaluate the intervention\u2019s preliminary effect on rates of conflict (e.g. violence, self-harm) and containment (e.g. seclusion and physical restraint) and understand barriers and facilitators to intervention effects.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Intervention development informed by Experience-based Co-design and uncontrolled pre and post feasibility evaluation. Systematic reviews and qualitative interviews investigated contextual variation in use and effects of de-escalation. Synthesis of this evidence informed co-design of an intervention to enhance de-escalation. An uncontrolled feasibility trial of the intervention followed. Clinical outcome data were collected over 24 weeks including an 8-week pre-intervention phase, an 8-week embedding and an 8-week post-intervention phase.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Ten inpatient wards (including acute, psychiatric intensive care, low, medium and high secure forensic) in two United Kingdom mental health trusts.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n In-patients, clinical staff, managers, carers\/relatives and training staff in the target settings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interventions<\/jats:title>\n Enhancing de-escalation techniques in adult acute and forensic units: Development and evaluation of an evidence-based training intervention (EDITION) interventions included de-escalation training, two novel models of reflective practice, post-incident debriefing and feedback on clinical practice, collaborative prescribing and ward rounds, practice changes around admission, shift handovers and the social and physical environment, and sensory modulation and support planning to reduce patient distress.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n Outcomes measured related to feasibility (recruitment and retention, completion of outcome measures), training outcomes and clinical and safety outcomes. Conflict and containment rates were measured via the Patient\u2013Staff Conflict Checklist. Clinical outcomes were measured using the Attitudes to Containment Measures Questionnaire, Attitudes to Personality Disorder Questionnaire, Violence Prevention Climate Scale, Capabilities, Opportunities, and Motivation Scale, Coercion Experience Scale and Perceived Expressed Emotion in Staff Scale.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Completion rates of the proposed primary outcome were very good at 68% overall (excluding remote data collection), which increased to 76% (excluding remote data collection) in the post-intervention period. Secondary outcomes had high completion rates for both staff and patient respondents. Regression analyses indicated that reductions in conflict and containment were both predicted by study phase (pre, embedding, post intervention). There were no adverse events or serious adverse events related to the intervention.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Intervention and data-collection procedures were feasible, and there was a signal of an effect on the proposed primary outcome.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Limitations<\/jats:title>\n Uncontrolled design and self-selecting sample.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Future work<\/jats:title>\n Definitive trial determining intervention effects.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n This trial is registered as ISRCTN12826685 (closed to recruitment).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Funding<\/jats:title>\n \n This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: 16\/101\/02) and is published in full in\n Health Technology Assessment<\/jats:italic>\n ; Vol. 28, No. 3. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Context<\/jats:title>\n Conflict (a term used to describe a range of potentially unsafe events including violence, self-harm, rule-breaking, medication refusal, illicit drug and alcohol use and absconding) in mental health settings causes serious physical and psychological harm. Containment interventions which are intended to minimise harm from violence (and other conflict behaviours) such as restraint, seclusion and rapid tranquilisation can result in serious injuries to patients and, occasionally, death. Involvement in physical restraint is the most common cause of serious physical injury to National Health Service mental health staff in the United Kingdom. Violence to staff results in substantial costs to the health service in sickness and litigation payments. Containment interventions are also expensive (e.g. physical restraint costs mental health services \u00a36.1 million and enhanced observations \u00a388 million per annum). Despite these harms, recent findings indicate containment interventions such as seclusion and physical restraint continue to be used frequently in mental health settings.<\/jats:p>\n Clinical trials have demonstrated that interventions can reduce containment without increasing violence and other conflict behaviours (e.g. verbal aggression, self-harm). Substantial cost-savings result from reducing containment use. De-escalation, as an intervention to manage aggression and potential violence without restrictive practices, is a core intervention. \u2018De-escalation\u2019 is a collective term for a range of psychosocial techniques designed to reduce distress and anger without the need to use \u2018containment\u2019 interventions (measures to prevent harm through restricting a person\u2019s ability to act independently, such as physical restraint and seclusion). Evidence indicates that de-escalation involves ensuring conditions for safe intervention and effective communication are established, clarifying and attempting to resolve the patient\u2019s concern, conveyance of respect and empathy and regulating unhelpful emotions such as anxiety and anger.<\/jats:p>\n Despite featuring prominently in clinical guidelines and training policy domestically and internationally and being a component of mandatory National Health Service training, there is no evidence-based model on which to base training. A systematic review of de-escalation training effectiveness and acceptability conducted in 2015 concluded: (1) no model of training has demonstrated effectiveness in a sufficiently rigorous evaluation, (2) the theoretical underpinning of evaluated models was often unclear and (3) there has been inadequate investigation of the characteristics of training likely to enhance acceptability and uptake. Despite all National Health Service staff being trained in de-escalation there have been no high-quality trials evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of training. Feasibility studies are needed to establish whether it is possible to conduct a definitive trial that can determine the clinical, safety and cost-effectiveness of this intervention.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/fggw6874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T04:47:28Z","timestamp":1688446048000},"page":"1-120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Development and evaluation of a de-escalation training intervention in adult acute and forensic units: the EDITION systematic review and feasibility trial"],"prefix":"10.3310","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4601-3363","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Owen","family":"Price","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3055-5301","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cat","family":"Papastavrou Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5891-9472","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isobel","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0998-9137","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"McPherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4644-258X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Helena","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6562-6894","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew","family":"Grundy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7460-0266","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lindsey","family":"Cree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0858-2837","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zahra","family":"Motala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atherleigh Park Hospital, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9478-2274","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jade","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3560-3966","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1906-8545","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Stokes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West London Forensic Service, St Bernard\u2019s Hospital, West London Mental Health NHS Trust, Southall, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2365-1765","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher J","family":"Armitage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9955-0384","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Barley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2157-0200","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Helen","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3175-5361","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patrick","family":"Callaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1193-8681","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lesley-Anne","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biostatistics, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8801-3559","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Linda M","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, Work, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0220-4835","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard J","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8821-895X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karina","family":"Lovell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5600-0400","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Penny","family":"Bee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref1-bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.144576","article-title":"Learning and performance outcomes of mental health staff training in de-escalation techniques for the management of violence and aggression","volume":"206","author":"Price","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref2-bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"12","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref3-bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","article-title":"Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups","volume":"19","author":"Tong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref4-bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1108\/JMHTEP-08-2015-0037","article-title":"The effectiveness of a sensory modulation workshop on health professional learning","volume":"11","author":"Azuela","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ment Health Train Educ Pract"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref5-bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0309-2402.2003.02850.x","article-title":"Evaluating a management of aggression unit for student nurses","volume":"44","author":"Beech","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref6-bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2007.04.004","article-title":"Aggression prevention training for student nurses: differential responses to training and the interaction between theory and practice","volume":"8","author":"Beech","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Pract"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref7-bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1054\/aaen.2001.0179","article-title":"Sign of the times or the shape of things to come? A 3-day unit of instruction on \u2018aggression and violence in health settings for all students during pre-registration nurse training\u2019","volume":"9","author":"Beech","year":"2001","journal-title":"Accid Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref8-bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10465-017-9261-5","article-title":"De-escalation with dance\/movement therapy: a program evaluation","volume":"39","author":"Biondo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Dance Ther"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref9-bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2012.01930.x","article-title":"The influence of staff training on the violence prevention and management climate in psychiatric inpatient units","volume":"20","author":"Bjorkdahl","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref10-bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2006.00931.x","article-title":"Preliminary outcomes of a trial to reduce conflict and containment on acute psychiatric wards: City Nurses","volume":"13","author":"Bowers","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref11-bib11","volume-title":"TAWS Paper 3: The validity of the Patient-staff Conflict Checklist (PCC-SR) evaluated (Internet)","author":"Bowers","year":"2008"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref12-bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2006.20.3.281","article-title":"The attitude to personality disorder questionnaire: psychometric properties and results","volume":"20","author":"Bowers","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Personal Disord"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref13-bib13","volume-title":"MBI: Maslach burnout inventory","author":"Maslach","year":"1996"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref14-bib14","volume-title":"Evaluating Treatment Environments. A Social Ecological Approach","author":"Moos","year":"1974"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref15-bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2008.01294.x","article-title":"A replication study of the city nurse intervention: reducing conflict and containment on three acute psychiatric wards","volume":"15","author":"Bowers","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref16-bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840252825446","article-title":"Evaluation of training designed to prevent and manage patient violence","volume":"23","author":"Calabro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Issues Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref17-bib17","first-page":"558","article-title":"Compliance with training in managing assaultive behavior and injuries from inpatient violence","volume":"41","author":"Carmel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref19-bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.1994.20010117.x","article-title":"Nurses attitudes toward aggressive behavior following attendance at the prevention and management of aggressive behavior program","volume":"20","author":"Collins","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref21-bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-0979.2003.00270.x","article-title":"De-escalating aggression and violence in the mental health setting","volume":"12","author":"Cowin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref22-bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2015.1072574","article-title":"Changes in staff confidence and attributions for challenging behaviour after training in positive behavioural support within a forensic medium secure service","volume":"26","author":"Davies","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Forens Psychiatry Psycho"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref23-bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7028.18.1.57","article-title":"Clinician confidence in coping with patient aggression: assessment and enhancement","volume":"18","author":"Thackrey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Prof Psychol Res Pr"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref24-bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-017-9519-6","article-title":"Impact of a program for the management of aggressive behaviors on seclusion and restraint use in two high-risk units of a mental health institute","volume":"89","author":"Geoffrion","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref25-bib25","first-page":"628","article-title":"Training for prevention of assaultive behavior in a psychiatric setting","volume":"31","author":"Gertz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref26-bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3928\/0022-0124-19900501-11","article-title":"Evaluation of an inservice education program regarding aggressive behavior on a psychiatric unit","volume":"21","author":"Goodykoontz","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Contin Educ Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref27-bib27","volume-title":"Burnout: From Tedium to Personal Growth","author":"Pines","year":"1981"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref28-bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2004.01465.x","article-title":"Safer at work: development and evaluation of an aggression and violence minimization program","volume":"38","author":"Grenyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref29-bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2006.00941.x","article-title":"The effect of a training course on mental health nurses\u2019 attitudes on the reasons of patient aggression and its management","volume":"13","author":"Hahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref30-bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.7748\/nr2003.07.10.4.39.c5906","article-title":"Testing a new tool: the Management of Aggression and Violence Attitude Scale (MAVAS)","volume":"10","author":"Duxbury","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nurse Res"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref31-bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-0979.2002.00254.x","article-title":"Does prior training and staff occupation influence knowledge acquisition from an aggression management training program?","volume":"11","author":"Ilkiw-Lavalle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref32-bib32","first-page":"1312","article-title":"Assaults and injuries among staff with and without training in aggression control techniques","volume":"36","author":"Infantino","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref33-bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.55.7.818","article-title":"A program to reduce use of physical restraint in psychiatric inpatient facilities","volume":"55","author":"Jonikas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref34-bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2009.01496.x","article-title":"Case study evaluating the impact of de-escalation and physical intervention training","volume":"17","author":"Laker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref35-bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3109\/09638237.2012.664299","article-title":"Comparing the outcomes of the application of C&R (general service) and SCIP in the management of disturbed behaviour in mental health care","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Ment Health"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref36-bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-9417(95)80026-3","article-title":"Improving staff safety through an aggression management program","volume":"9","author":"Martin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref37-bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20170818-04","article-title":"Implementing a workplace violence simulation for undergraduate nursing students: a pilot study","volume":"55","author":"Martinez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref38-bib38","first-page":"184","article-title":"The Mental Health Nursing Clinical Confidence Scale: a tool for measuring undergraduate learning on mental health clinical placements","volume":"7","author":"Bell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust N Zeal J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref39-bib39","volume-title":"Testing an intervention to increase self-efficacy of staff in managing clients perceived as violent. PhD","author":"McIntosh","year":"2003"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref40-bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.58.3.472","article-title":"Mechanisms governing empowerment effects: a self-efficacy analysis","volume":"58","author":"Ozer","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref41-bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2010.19.8.47638","article-title":"A pilot study to test an intervention for dealing with verbal aggression","volume":"19","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref42-bib42","first-page":"5","article-title":"The least restrictive continuum","volume":"6","author":"Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inst Nurs News"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref43-bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2008.08.011","article-title":"The development and testing of a training course in aggression for nursing students: a pre and post-test study","volume":"29","author":"Nau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref44-bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2009.11.011","article-title":"Student nurses\u2019 de-escalation of patient aggression: a pretest-posttest intervention study","volume":"47","author":"Nau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref45-bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2009.05087.x","article-title":"The de-escalating aggressive behaviour scale: development and psychometric testing","volume":"65","author":"Nau","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref46-bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2010.03597.x","article-title":"Sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of Confidence in Managing Patient Aggression Scale on de-escalating behaviour","volume":"20","author":"Nau","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref47-bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2004.00767.x","article-title":"The effectiveness of two interventions in the management of patient violence in acute mental inpatient settings: report on a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Needham","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref48-bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2337(1999)25:3<197::AID-AB4>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"The staff observation aggression scale-revised (SOAS-R)","volume":"25","author":"Nijman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aggress Behav"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref49-bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3928\/01484834-20050901-06","article-title":"The effect of a training course on nursing students\u2019 attitudes toward, perceptions of, and confidence in managing patient aggression","volume":"44","author":"Needham","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nurs Educ"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref50-bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.48.5.694","article-title":"Prevention of aggressive incidents on a closed psychiatric ward","volume":"48","author":"Nijman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref51-bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/0260-6917(92)90113-3","article-title":"An evaluation of a training course in the short-term management of violence","volume":"12","author":"Paterson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref52-bib52","volume-title":"The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire","author":"Goldberg","year":"1972"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref53-bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00914934","article-title":"Crisis prevention and intervention training for psychiatric hospital staff","volume":"13","author":"Rice","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref54-bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2011.01712.x","article-title":"The evaluation of an online orientation to rural mental health practice in Australia","volume":"18","author":"Robinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref56-bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(01)00607-1","article-title":"Violence and its prediction at a psychiatric hospital","volume":"16","author":"Sjostrom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref57-bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1014514","article-title":"The development of an observer-scale for measuring social dysfunction and aggression","volume":"23","author":"Wistedt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref58-bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.46.8.819","article-title":"Cost-effective communication skills training for state hospital employees","volume":"46","author":"Smoot","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref59-bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465812000069","article-title":"CBT for culture change: formulating teams to improve patient care","volume":"40","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref60-bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.1996.tb00260.x","article-title":"An evaluation of staff training in psychological techniques for the management of patient aggression","volume":"5","author":"Whittington","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref61-bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/0260-6917(92)90036-N","article-title":"Dealing with verbal abuse: evaluation of the efficacy of a workshop for student nurses","volume":"12","author":"Wondrak","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref62-bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201200531","article-title":"Association of empathy of nursing staff with reduction of seclusion and restraint in psychiatric inpatient care","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref63-bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3109\/01612840.2016.1154628","article-title":"A co-operative inquiry into generating, describing, and transforming knowledge about de-escalation practices in mental health settings","volume":"37","author":"Berring","year":"2016","journal-title":"Issues Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref64-bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/scs.12281","article-title":"The participant\u2019s perspective: learning from an aggression management training course for nurses. Insights from a qualitative interview study","volume":"30","author":"Heckemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand J Caring Sci"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref65-bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/016128401750434464","article-title":"The practices of expert psychiatric nurses: accompanying the patient to a calmer personal space","volume":"22","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Issues Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref66-bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/1078390307301736","article-title":"Keeping the unit safe: the anatomy of escalation","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref67-bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/1078390306294462","article-title":"Keeping the unit safe: mapping psychiatric nursing skills","volume":"12","author":"Delaney","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref68-bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2016.05.005","article-title":"Coping with violence in mental health care settings: patient and staff member perspectives on de-escalation practices","volume":"30","author":"Berring","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref69-bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12199","article-title":"Managing and caring for distressed and disturbed service users: The thoughts and feelings experienced by a sample of English mental health nurses","volume":"22","author":"Chambers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref70-bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2011.01857.x","article-title":"Managing distressed and disturbed patients: the thoughts and feelings experienced by Italian nurses","volume":"19","author":"Camuccio","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref71-bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/1078390306286440","article-title":"Keeping the unit safe: a grounded theory study","volume":"12","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref72-bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733009350140","article-title":"Patient restrictions: are there ethical alternatives to seclusion and restraint?","volume":"17","author":"Kontio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref73-bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12671","article-title":"Risk assessment and absconding: perceptions, understandings and responses of mental health nurses","volume":"24","author":"Grotto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref74-bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732311414730","article-title":"Patients\u2019 aggression in psychiatric settings","volume":"22","author":"Drach-Zahavy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref75-bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1108\/JFP-01-2017-0001","article-title":"The PARALLEL Study (imPAct of expeRiencing Another\u2019s seLf harm and suicidaL bEhaviour in hospitaL)","volume":"19","author":"Hargate","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Forensic Pract"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref76-bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hsag.2016.08.001","article-title":"Mental health nurses\u2019 attitudes toward self-harm: curricular implications","volume":"21","author":"Shaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heal SA Gesondheid"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref77-bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/19012276.2012.768034","article-title":"A qualitative exploration of how health care workers in an inpatient setting in Norway experience working with patients who self-injure","volume":"64","author":"Mattson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nord Psychol"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref78-bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840.2016.1246631","article-title":"Relational principles in the care of suicidal inpatients: experiences of therapists and mental health nurses","volume":"38","author":"Hagen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Issues Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref79-bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2015.06.017","article-title":"From judgment to understanding. Mental health nurses\u2019 perceptions of changed professional behaviors following positively changed attitudes toward self-harm","volume":"29","author":"Karman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref80-bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2007.01045.x","article-title":"Being burdened and balancing boundaries: a qualitative study of nurses\u2019 experiences caring for patients who self-harm","volume":"14","author":"Wilstrand","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref81-bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12061","article-title":"Therapeutic engagement between consumers in suicidal crisis and mental health nurses","volume":"23","author":"Lees","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref82-bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840802694478","article-title":"Strategies nurses use to overcome medication refusal by involuntary psychiatric patients","volume":"30","author":"Vuckovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Issues Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref83-bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/905741","article-title":"Mental health nurses\u2019 experiences of caring for patients suffering from self-harm","volume":"2014","author":"Tofthagen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nurs Res Pract"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref84-bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3109\/09638237.2015.1124394","article-title":"Suicide after absconding from inpatient care in England: an exploration of mental health professionals\u2019 experiences","volume":"25","author":"Hunt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ment Health"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref85-bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1053\/apnu.2002.32948","article-title":"Triggers for self-abuse: a qualitative study","volume":"16","author":"Weber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref86-bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2007.01037.x","article-title":"To correct and to acknowledge: two simultaneous and conflicting perspectives of limit-setting in mental health nursing","volume":"14","author":"Vatne","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref87-bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2007.01044.x","article-title":"Pragmatism rules: the intervention and prevention strategies used by psychiatric nurses working with non-suicidal self-harming individuals","volume":"14","author":"O\u2019Donovan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref88-bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12034","article-title":"Exploring nurses\u2019 and patients\u2019 perspectives of limit setting in a forensic mental health setting","volume":"23","author":"Maguire","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref89-bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3109\/01612840.2014.951134","article-title":"A self-destructive care: self-reports of people who experienced coercive measures and their suggestions for alternatives","volume":"36","author":"Looi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Issues Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref90-bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2004.00712.x","article-title":"Struggling for hopefulness: a qualitative study of Swedish women who self-harm","volume":"11","author":"Lindgren","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref91-bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-6712.2003.00227.x","article-title":"Shame reactions after suicide attempt","volume":"17","author":"Wiklander","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand J Caring Sci"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref92-bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3109\/01612840.2014.941077","article-title":"Features of everyday life in psychiatric inpatient care for self-harming: an observational study of six women","volume":"36","author":"Lindgren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Issues Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref93-bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.50.8.1066","article-title":"Suicidal inpatients\u2019 perceptions of therapeutic and nontherapeutic aspects of constant observation","volume":"50","author":"Cardell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref94-bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733014562990","article-title":"Crucial resources to strengthen the desire to live: experiences of suicidal patients","volume":"23","author":"Vatne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref95-bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2008.02.012","article-title":"Behavioral change in patients with severe self-injurious behavior: a patient\u2019s perspective","volume":"23","author":"Kool","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref96-bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12298","article-title":"Empathic processes during nurse\u2013consumer conflict situations in psychiatric inpatient units: a qualitative study","volume":"27","author":"Gerace","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref97-bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2009.03029.x","article-title":"Walking a fine line: managing the tensions associated with medication non-adherence in an acute inpatient psychiatric setting","volume":"19","author":"Wijnveld","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref98-bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-014-0920-2","article-title":"Understanding how people who use illicit drugs and alcohol experience relationships with psychiatric inpatient staff","volume":"50","author":"Chorlton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref99-bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2016.07.018","article-title":"Mental health nurses\u2019 experiences of caring for suicidal patients in psychiatric wards: an emotional endeavor","volume":"31","author":"Hagen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref100-bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2009.03002.x","article-title":"The inner door: toward an understanding of suicidal patients","volume":"19","author":"Tzeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref101-bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12384","article-title":"How people who self-harm negotiate the inpatient environment: the mental healthcare workers perspective","volume":"24","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref102-bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2007.01150.x","article-title":"\u2018Then I just showed her my arms\u2026\u2019. Bodily sensations in moments related to self-injurious behaviour. A hermeneutic phenomenological study","volume":"14","author":"Shopman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref103-bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6712.2000.tb00596.x","article-title":"Physicians\u2019 stories about suicidal psychiatric inpatients","volume":"14","author":"Talseth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand J Caring Sci"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref104-bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1191\/0969733005ne802oa","article-title":"Justifying coercion","volume":"12","author":"Vuckovich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref105-bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2850.2003.00555.x","article-title":"Forced medication in psychiatric care: patient experiences and nurse perceptions","volume":"10","author":"Haglund","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref106-bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3109\/01612840.2012.742603","article-title":"Ready, aim Fire! Mental health nurses under siege in acute inpatient facilities","volume":"34","author":"Ward","year":"2013","journal-title":"Issues Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref107-bib107","first-page":"14","article-title":"Intervening to prevent violence in psychiatric units","volume":"42","author":"Reade","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref108-bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2016.1174724","article-title":"\u2018Supporting me through emotional times, all different kinds of behaviour.\u2019 Forensic mental health service users understanding of positive behavioural support","volume":"27","author":"Davies","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Forens Psychiatry Psycho"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref109-bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1080\/09638230120041353","article-title":"Service users\u2019 experience of violence within a mental health system: a study using grounded theory approach","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Ment Health"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref110-bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.25159\/2520-5293\/731","article-title":"Dismissing de-escalation techniques as an intervention to manage verbal aggression within mental health care settings: attitudes of psychiatric hospital-based Nigerian mental health nurses","volume":"19","author":"Oyelade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr J Nurs Midwifery"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref111-bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12010","article-title":"Optimizing arousal to manage aggression: a pilot study of sensory modulation","volume":"22","author":"Sutton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref112-bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12054","article-title":"Toward a safer working environment on psychiatric wards: service users\u2019 delayed perspectives of aggression and violence-related situations and development ideas","volume":"50","author":"Kontio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perspect Psychiatr Care"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref113-bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20131126-06","article-title":"Use of a sensory room on an intensive care unit","volume":"52","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref114-bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2006.00977.x","article-title":"Patients\u2019 feelings about ward nursing regimes and involvement in rule construction","volume":"13","author":"Alexander","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref115-bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2011.01842.x","article-title":"An exploratory study investigating the impact of the procedures used to manage patient substance misuse on nurse-patient relationships in a medium secure forensic unit","volume":"19","author":"Price","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref116-bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840.2017.1299265","article-title":"Being subject to restrictions, limitations and disciplining: a thematic analysis of individuals\u2019 experiences in psychiatric intensive care","volume":"38","author":"Salzmann-Erikson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Issues Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref117-bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1679","article-title":"Explorations of cooperation and recalcitrance in secure mental health hospitals","volume":"33","author":"McKeown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref118-bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/13674670410001666552","article-title":"Medication, healing and resistance in East Malaysia","volume":"8","author":"Crabtree","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ment Health Relig Cult"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref119-bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12205","article-title":"Sensory rooms in psychiatric inpatient care: staff experiences","volume":"25","author":"Bj\u00f6rkdahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref120-bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2008.04899.x","article-title":"Clients with mental health problems who sexualize the nurse-client encounter: the nursing discourse","volume":"65","author":"Higgins","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref121-bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s20","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.081067","article-title":"Alternatives to standard acute in-patient care in England: readmissions, service use and cost after discharge","volume":"197","author":"Byford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref122-bib122","volume-title":"Analyzing Qualitative Data","author":"Ritchie","year":"1994"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref123-bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13488","article-title":"Patient perspectives on barriers and enablers to the use and effectiveness of de-escalation techniques for the management of violence and aggression in mental health settings","volume":"74","author":"Price","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref124-bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-022-00735-6","article-title":"De-escalation of conflict in forensic mental health inpatient settings: a Theoretical Domains Framework-informed qualitative investigation of staff and patient perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Johnston","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref125-bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-020-00392-5","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to the effective de-escalation of conflict behaviours in forensic high-secure settings: a qualitative study","volume":"14","author":"Goodman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref126-bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-42","article-title":"The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions","volume":"6","author":"Michie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref127-bib127","first-page":"227","article-title":"Experience-based Co-design and healthcare improvement: realizing participatory design in the public sector","volume":"18","author":"Donetto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Des J"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref128-bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1687","article-title":"Better reporting of interventions: Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide","volume":"348","author":"Hoffman","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref129-bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/13.6.522","article-title":"Sampling for qualitative research","volume":"13","author":"Marshall","year":"1996","journal-title":"Family Practice"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref130-bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-013-9486-6","article-title":"The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions","volume":"46","author":"Michie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref131-bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4506","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13782","article-title":"Implementation evaluation and refinement of an intervention to improve blunt chest injury management: a mixed-methods study","volume":"26","author":"Curtis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref132-bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.03.034","article-title":"The general aggression model","volume":"19","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref133-bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12129","article-title":"Safewards: a new model of conflict and containment on psychiatric wards","volume":"21","author":"Bowers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref134-bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12085","article-title":"Safewards: the empirical basis of the model and a critical appraisal","volume":"21","author":"Bowers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref135-bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X11404183","article-title":"Implications for the prevention of aggressive behavior within psychiatric hospitals drawn from interpersonal communication theory","volume":"56","author":"Daffern","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref136-bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.16","article-title":"Antecedents for aggression and the function analytic approach to the assessment of aggression and violence in personality disordered patients within secure settings","volume":"2007","author":"Daffern","year":"2007","journal-title":"Personal Ment Health"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref137-bib137","volume-title":"Psychosis, Trauma and Dissociation: Evolving perspectives on severe psychopathology","author":"Corstens","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref138-bib138","volume-title":"Nonviolent Communication. A Language of Life: Life-Changing Tools for Healthy Relationships (Nonviolent Communication Guides)","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2015"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref139-bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725277","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.725277","article-title":"Shame on you! When and why failure-induced shame impedes employees\u2019 learning from failure in the Chinese context","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref140-bib140","first-page":"u209153","article-title":"Experience based co-design reduces formal complaints on an acute mental health ward","volume":"4","author":"Springham","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open Qual"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref141-bib141","first-page":"25","article-title":"Patients\u2019 satisfaction about quality of care and aggressive behavior in psychiatric hospitals","volume":"6","author":"El Malky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Sci"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref142-bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/13698570500034683","article-title":"Risk management by patients on psychiatric wards in London: an ethnogrpahic study","volume":"7","author":"Quirk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Risk Soc"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref143-bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201200393","article-title":"Cluster-randomized controlled trial of reducing seclusion and restraint in secured care of men with schizophrenia","volume":"64","author":"Putkonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref144-bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742646410000014","article-title":"Sensory assessment and therapy to help reduce seclusion use with service users needing psychiatric intensive care","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Intensive Care"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref145-bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2012.04318.x","article-title":"The investigation of the early warning signs of aggression in forensic patients by means of the \u2018Forensic Early Signs of Aggression Inventory\u2019","volume":"22","author":"Fluttert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref146-bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-017-0149-z","article-title":"Exploring the potential implementation of a tool to enhance shared decision making (SDM) in mental health services in the United Kingdom: a qualitative exploration of the views of service users, carers and professionals","volume":"11","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref147-bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.166.5.650","article-title":"A self-rating scale for measuring neuroleptic side-effects: validation in a group of schizophrenic patients","volume":"166","author":"Day","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref148-bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2015.05.001","article-title":"Reducing conflict and containment rates on acute psychiatric wards: the Safewards cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"52","author":"Bowers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref149-bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03696-7","article-title":"A cluster randomised controlled trial of a ward-based intervention to improve access to psychologically-informed care and psychological therapy for mental health in-patients","volume":"22","author":"Berry","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref150-bib150","volume-title":"Implementing the Six Core Strategies (REsTRAIN YOURSELF): Working in partnership to minimise harm to patients and staff by reducing the use of physical restraint","author":"Duxbury","year":"2016"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref151-bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2019.03.016","article-title":"Minimising the use of physical restraint in acute mental health services: the outcome of a restraint reduction programme (\u2018REsTRAIN YOURSELF\u2019)","volume":"95","author":"Duxbury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref152-bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-005-0967-1","article-title":"Disruptive and dangerous behaviour by patients on acute psychiatric wards in three European centres","volume":"40","author":"Bowers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref153-bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12310","article-title":"Effective ingredients of verbal de-escalation: validating an English modified version of the \u2018de-escalating aggressive behaviour scale\u2019","volume":"23","author":"Mavandadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref154-bib154","first-page":"23","article-title":"Acceptability of behavioural staff management techniques","volume":"4","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Behav Resid Treat"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref155-bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2011.01832.x","article-title":"The relationship between attitudes towards different containment measures and their usage in a national sample of psychiatric inpatients","volume":"19","author":"Dack","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref156-bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2018.09.002","article-title":"Measuring the violence prevention climate: development and evaluation of the VPC-14","volume":"88","author":"Hallett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref157-bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2850.2003.00529.x","article-title":"The perceived expressed emotion in staff scale","volume":"10","author":"Forster","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref158-bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-10-5","article-title":"\u2018Coercion Experience Scale\u2019 (CES): validation of a questionnaire on coercive measures","volume":"10","author":"Bergk","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref159-bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12745","article-title":"How has COVID-19 affected mental health nurses and the delivery of mental health nursing care in the UK? Results of a mixed-methods study","volume":"28","author":"Foye","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref160-bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12378","article-title":"Evaluation of a co-delivered training package for community mental health professionals on service user- and carer-involved care planning","volume":"24","author":"Grundy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref161-bib161","volume-title":"Unit Costs of Health and Social Care","author":"Jones","year":"2021"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref162-bib162","volume-title":"Rates and thresholds for employers 2020 to 2021","author":"HM Revenue and Customs"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref163-bib163","volume-title":"NHS Terms and Conditions of Service Handbook","author":"The NHS Staff Council","year":"2021"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref164-bib164","volume-title":"Employer Contribution Rate Arrangements to Remain for 2020\/21","author":"NHSBSA"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref165-bib165","volume-title":"Reducing Expenditure on NHS Agency Staff: Rules and Price Caps [Updated 12 February 2021]","author":"NHS"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref166-bib166","volume-title":"The City 128 Study of Observation and Outcomes on Acute Psychiatric Wards: Research Report Produced for the National Co-ordinating Centre for the NIHR Service Delivery and Organisation Programme (NCCSDO)","author":"Bowers","year":"2006"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref167-bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.082453","article-title":"Is the EQ-5D fit for purpose in mental health?","volume":"197","author":"Brazier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref168-bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.122283","article-title":"Using generic preference-based measures in mental health: psychometric validity of the EQ-5D and SF-6D","volume":"205","author":"Mulhern","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref169-bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.057380","article-title":"Measuring the benefits of treatment for psychosis: validity and responsiveness of the EQ\u20135D","volume":"195","author":"Barton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref170-bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462319000448","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness evaluations of psychological therapies for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Shields","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Technol Assess Health Care"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref171-bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/pgfar06060","article-title":"Reducing relapse and suicide in bipolar disorder: practical clinical approaches to identifying risk, reducing harm and engaging service users in planning and delivery of care the PARADES (Psychoeducation, Anxiety, Relapse, Advance Directive Evaluation and Suicidality) programme","volume":"6","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Program Grants Appl Res"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref172-bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/pgfar07090","article-title":"Training to enhance user and carer involvement in mental health-care planning: the EQUIP research programme including a cluster RCT","volume":"7","author":"Lovell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Program Grants Appl Res"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref173-bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3310\/hta23070","article-title":"Cognitive\u2013behavioural therapy for clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: the FOCUS RCT","volume":"23","author":"Morrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref174-bib174","first-page":"E14","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of feasibility and acceptability of suicide prevention therapy in acute psychiatric wards","volume":"5","author":"Haddock","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJ Psych Open"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref175-bib175","first-page":"33","article-title":"Evaluation of a primary care-based collaborative care model (PARTNERS2) for people with diagnoses of schizophrenia, bipolar, or other psychoses: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Plappert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref176-bib176","volume-title":"Position Statement on Use of the EQ-5D-5L Value Set for England (Updated October 2019)","author":"NICE","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref177-bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2012.02.008","article-title":"Interim scoring for the EQ-5D-5L: mapping the EQ-5D-5L to EQ-5D-3L value sets","volume":"15","author":"van Hout","year":"2012","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref178-bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2031-8","article-title":"Acceptability of healthcare interventions: an overview of reviews and development of a theoretical framework","volume":"17","author":"Sekhon","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"key2024021210562000_ref179-bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-020-00634-w","article-title":"Guidance for conducting feasibility and pilot studies for implementation trials","volume":"6","author":"Pearson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud"}],"container-title":["Health Technology Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2044691","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/FGGW6874\/FGGW6874.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2044691","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T00:29:28Z","timestamp":1707697768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/hta\/FGGW6874"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":176,"alternative-id":["10.3310\/FGGW6874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/fggw6874","relation":{},"ISSN":["1366-5278","2046-4924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1366-5278","type":"print"},{"value":"2046-4924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made freely available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"},{"value":"03-2018","name":"contractual_start_date","label":"contractual_start_date","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"05-2022","name":"editorial_review_begun","label":"editorial review begun","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"03-2023","name":"accepted_for_publication","label":"Accepted for publication","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}}]}}