{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:52:06Z","timestamp":1791265926796,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002001","name":"Health and Social Care Delivery Research (HSDR) Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR130588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR130588"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Soc Care Deliv Res"],"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>\nSignposting typically refers to an informal process that involves giving information to patients to enable them to access external services and support. It is perceived to reduce demand on primary care and other urgent care services.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nThis focused realist review was conducted rapidly within time constraints. Searches to identify theory were undertaken on MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Social Sciences Citation Index in June 2022 for research published in English from 2016. We selected 22 publications and extracted programme theories from these to develop three priority questions:<\/jats:p>\n\nQuestion 1: What do people with health and social care needs require from a signposting service to believe it is valuable?<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\nQuestion 2: What resources do providers require to confidently deliver an effective signposting service?<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\nQuestion 3: Under what circumstances should commissioners commission generic or specialist signposting services?<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\nPurposive searching was conducted to find a rich sample of studies. UK studies were prioritised to optimise the applicability of synthesis findings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\nResults<\/jats:title>\nThe review included 27 items, 4 reviews and 23 studies, a mix of qualitative, evaluations and case studies.<\/jats:p>\nService users value a joined-up response that helps them to navigate the available resources. Key features include an understanding of their needs, suggestion of different options and a summary of recommended actions. Only a small number of service user needs are met by signposting services alone; people with complex health and social care needs often require extended input and time.<\/jats:p>\nFront-line providers of signposting services require appropriate training, ongoing support and supervision, good knowledge of relevant and available activities and an ability to match service users to appropriate resources. Front-line providers need to offer a flexible response targeted at user needs.<\/jats:p>\nCommissioned signposting services in England (no studies from Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) are highly diverse in terms of client groups, staff delivering the service, referral routes and role descriptions. A lack of service evaluation poses a potential barrier to effective commissioning. A shortage of available services in the voluntary and community sector may limit the effectiveness of signposting services. Commissioners should ensure that referrals target intensive support at patients most likely to benefit in the longer term.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\nConclusions<\/jats:title>\nSignposting services need greater clarity of roles and service expectations to facilitate evaluation. Users with complex health and social care needs require intensive, repeat support from specialist services equipped with specific knowledge and situational understanding. A tension persists between efficient (transactional) service provision with brief referral and effective (relational) service provision, underpinned by competing narratives. Do signposting services represent \u2018diversion of unwanted demand from primary care\/urgent care services\u2019 or \u2018improved quality of care through a joined-up response by health, social care and community\/voluntary services\u2019?<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\nLimitations<\/jats:title>\nThis realist review was conducted within a tight time frame with a potential impact on methodology; for example, the use of purposive searching may have resulted in omission of relevant evidence.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\nFuture work<\/jats:title>\nSignposting services require service evaluation and consideration of the issue of diversity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\nStudy registration<\/jats:title>\nThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42022348200.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\nFunding<\/jats:title>\nThis award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR130588) and is published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research<\/jats:italic>; Vol. 12, No. 26. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/gart5103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T10:40:59Z","timestamp":1725619259000},"page":"1-86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Signposting services for people with health and care needs: a rapid realist review"],"prefix":"10.3310","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0040-9853","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna","family":"Cantrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4808-3880","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew","family":"Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0154-0469","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Duncan","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2024090616022400_ref2-bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e675","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp19X705569","article-title":"Current understanding and implementation of \u2018care navigation\u2019 across England: a cross-sectional study of NHS clinical commissioning groups","volume":"69","author":"Tierney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"key2024090616022400_ref3-bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1258\/1355819054308530","article-title":"Realist review \u2013 a new method of systematic review designed for complex policy interventions","volume":"10","author":"Pawson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Health Serv Res Policy"},{"key":"key2024090616022400_ref4-bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4073\/csr.2018.8","article-title":"Do evidence summaries increase health policy-makers\u2019 use of evidence from systematic reviews? 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