{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T05:04:10Z","timestamp":1735016650014,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001921","name":"Public Health Research programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15\/55\/58"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15\/55\/58"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sex workers\u2019 risk of violence and ill-health is shaped by their work environments, community and structural factors, including criminalisation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\"><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We evaluated the impact of removing police enforcement on sex workers\u2019 safety, health and access to services.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mixed-methods participatory study comprising qualitative research, a prospective cohort study, mathematical modelling and routine data collation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Three boroughs in London, UK.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\"><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>People aged \u2265\u200918 years, who provided in-person sexual services.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\"><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Simulated removal of police enforcement.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\"><jats:title>Outcomes<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Primary \u2013 recent or past experience of sexual, physical or emotional violence. Secondary \u2013 depression\/anxiety symptoms, physical health, chlamydia\/gonorrhoea, and service access.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A combination of enforcement by police, local authorities and immigration, being denied justice when reporting violence, and linked cuts to specialist health and support services created harmful conditions for sex workers. This disproportionately affected cisgender and transgender women who work on the streets, use drugs, are migrants and\/or women of colour.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Among women (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 197), street-based sex workers experienced higher levels than indoor sex workers of recent violence from clients (73% vs. 36%), police (42% vs. 7%) and others (67% vs. 17%); homelessness (65% vs. 7%); anxiety and depression (71% vs 35%); physical ill-health (57% vs 31%); and recent law enforcement (87% vs. 9%).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>For street-based sex workers, recent arrest was associated with violence from others (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)) 2.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11 to 6.94). Displacement by police was associated with client violence (AOR 4.35; 95% CI 1.36 to 13.90) as were financial difficulties (AOR 4.66; CI 1.64 to 13.24). Among indoor sex workers, unstable residency (AOR 3.19; 95% CI 1.36 to 7.49) and financial difficulties (AOR 3.66; 95% CI 1.64 to 8.18) contributed to risk of client violence.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Among all genders (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 288), ethnically and racially minoritised sex workers (26.4%) reported more police encounters than white sex workers, partly linked to increased representation in street settings (51.4% vs. 30.7%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.002) but associations remained after adjusting for work setting.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Simulated removal of police displacement and homelessness was associated with a 71% reduction in violence (95% credible interval 55% to 83%). Participants called for a redirection of funds from enforcement towards respectful, peer-led services.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-9\"><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Restriction to one urban locality prevents generalisability of findings. More interviews with under-represented participants (e.g. trans\/non-binary sex workers) may have yielded further insights into inequities. Correlation between different risk factors restricted outcomes of interest for the modelling analyses, which were largely limited to experience of violence.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-10\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our research adds to international evidence on the harms of criminalisation and enforcement, particularly for women who work on street and\/or are racially or ethnically minoritised. Findings add weight to calls to decriminalise sex work, tackle institutionally racist, misogynist and otherwise discriminatory practices against sex workers in police and other agencies, and to (re)commission experience-based, peer-led services by and for sex workers particularly benefiting the most marginalised communities.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-11\"><jats:title>Future work<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Realist informed trials, co-produced with sex workers, would provide rigorous evidence on effective approaches to protect sex workers\u2019 health, safety and rights.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-12\"><jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This synopsis presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme as award number 15\/55\/58.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/gfvc7006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T05:49:04Z","timestamp":1728884944000},"page":"1-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["East London Project: a participatory mixed-method evaluation on how removing enforcement could affect sex workers' safety, health and access to services in East London"],"prefix":"10.3310","author":[{"given":"Pippa","family":"Grenfell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Elmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, 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