{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:07:05Z","timestamp":1788876425893,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR159996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR159996"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetic retinopathy is a severe diabetes complication that can cause blindness. The United Kingdom\u2019s pioneering diabetic eye screening programme has decreased blindness by early detection and treatment. Enhancing diabetic eye screening uptake requires a deeper understanding of the programme implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to develop a logic model depicting diabetic eye screening programme implementation and to systematically map evidence on the implementation of diabetic eye screening in the United Kingdom and countries with similar health systems: Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A logic model was coproduced with UK National Screening Committee members and public coproducers with living experience of diabetic eye screening, informed by existing models and group knowledge. We searched 14 discipline-focused bibliographic databases, 3 academic search engines (Google Scholar, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine and OpenAlex) and targeted websites that covered the time frame up to December 2023. Eligible studies, from 2003 onwards, involved diabetic eye programme implementation in the target countries, covering a range of outcomes. Data extracted were publication year, study location (country), aim of study, study evaluation design, reported data (effectiveness outcomes, implementation outcomes, views\/experiences data, observational data or data on resources required), study population, screening stage, intervention strategies and health inequality considerations. Findings are displayed as an interactive evidence map and searchable database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The coproduced logic model depicted factors that could be mapped: screening stage, intervention strategy and evidence type as well as \u2018black box\u2019 factors that would require an in-depth synthesis to address: points for improvement and mechanisms of action. One hundred and thirty-three records were included the interactive map. The largest subset of studies provided information relevant to the entire screening pathway or multiple parts of this system (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2005=\u200585), followed by interventions relating to delivery of the eye screening appointment (\n                      <jats:italic>n\u2005<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u200536), while the fewest studies focused specifically on processes for identifying people eligible for screening. Few studies used experimental designs to evaluate the intervention effectiveness, and there were relatively few studies assessing how well interventions were implemented. Of the studies that reported the evaluation of some form of intervention, the most common type was environmental restructuring of the social and\/or physical context (\n                      <jats:italic>n\u2005<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u200540). The most common data types were observational (e.g. audit studies;\n                      <jats:italic>n\u2005=\u2005<\/jats:italic>\n                      69) and views or experiences (\n                      <jats:italic>n\u2005<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u200551). Most studies provided data that can contribute to tackling health inequalities (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2005=\u200591).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\">\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 328 additional records that met the general inclusion criteria but were not included in the map for pragmatic reasons (e.g. the record only presented a conference abstract or brief report with limited detail about the study). Thus, the map reflects a subset of the evidence base. Also, the review\u2019s focus on five countries may omit valuable insights from elsewhere.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A substantial body of evidence on diabetic eye programme implementation exists across five countries. However, evidence gaps remain, as certain process stages align with specific study types and data, highlighting areas for further research. The logic model and map may be useful for exploring ways to improve implementation of the programme.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\">\n                    <jats:title>Future work<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Future evidence syntheses could analyse subsets of studies on health inequalities, implementation experiences and outcomes, quality assurance processes or the underlying mechanisms of interventions. Primary research could address the various gaps in the evidence base.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\">\n                    <jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This article presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Evidence Synthesis programme as award number NIHR159996.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/gjao0707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T05:11:24Z","timestamp":1751865084000},"page":"1-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Implementation of eye screening programmes for patients with diabetes: a systematic map of evidence from five countries"],"prefix":"10.3310","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0359-6423","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alison","family":"O\u2019Mara-Eves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evidence for Policy and Practice Information Centre, UCL Social Research Institute, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7154-3279","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Silvy","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evidence for Policy and Practice Information Centre, UCL Social Research Institute, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4717-7615","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rachael C","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evidence for Policy and Practice Information Centre, UCL Social Research Institute, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5469-8649","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katy","family":"Sutcliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evidence for Policy and Practice Information Centre, UCL Social Research Institute, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0718-0409","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claire","family":"Stansfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evidence for Policy and Practice Information Centre, UCL Social Research Institute, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6685-5429","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hossein","family":"Dehdarirad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evidence for Policy and Practice Information Centre, UCL Social Research Institute, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5848-3770","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara-Jane","family":"McAteer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Co-producer"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8755-5935","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah","family":"Markham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Co-producer"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7016-978X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dylan","family":"Kneale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evidence for Policy and Practice Information Centre, UCL Social Research Institute, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref1-bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.04.027","article-title":"Global prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and projection of burden through 2045: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"128","author":"Teo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref2-bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2007.07.020","article-title":"Identification of different stages of diabetic retinopathy using retinal optical images","volume":"178","author":"Yun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref3-bib3","volume-title":"Diabetic Retinopathy \u2013 Stages","author":"NHS.UK","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref4-bib4","volume-title":"Diabetic Eye Screening Services in Scotland: A Training Handbook \u2013 July 2003: page 17 |","author":"NHS Scotland"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref5-bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62124-3","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy","volume":"376","author":"Cheung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref6-bib6","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Shukla"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref7-bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.07.004","article-title":"Nonproliferative retinopathy in diabetes type 2. Initial stages and characterization of phenotypes","volume":"24","author":"Cunha-Vaz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref8-bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.07.019","article-title":"The effects of medical management on the progression of diabetic retinopathy in persons with type 2 diabetes: the action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes (ACCORD) Eye Study","volume":"121","author":"Chew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref9-bib9","volume-title":"Vision Loss and Diabetes","author":"CDC Diabetes","year":"2024"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref10-bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_496_21","article-title":"Identification of risk factors for targeted diabetic retinopathy screening to urgently decrease the rate of blindness in people with diabetes in India","volume":"69","author":"Sen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref11-bib11","volume-title":"WHO Screening Programmes: A Short Guide [Internet]","author":"WHO"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref12-bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15010157","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy screening: a systematic review on patients\u2019 non-attendance","volume":"15","author":"Kashim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref13-bib13","volume-title":"NHS Diabetic Eye Screening Programme: Grading Definitions for Referable Disease","author":"GOV.UK"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref14-bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-021-01687-w","article-title":"The contribution of the English NHS Diabetic Eye Screening Programme to reductions in diabetes-related blindness, comparisons within Europe, and future challenges","volume":"58","author":"Scanlon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref15-bib15","volume-title":"About Us","author":"GOV.UK"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref16-bib16","first-page":"LE01","article-title":"Screening in public health and clinical care: similarities and differences in definitions, types, and aims: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Speechley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagnostic Res"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref17-bib17","volume-title":"UK NSC: Evidence Review Process","author":"GOV.UK"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref18-bib18","volume-title":"NHS Public Health Functions Agreement 2022 to 2023","author":"GOV.UK"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref19-bib19","volume-title":"UK National Screening Committee (UK NSC): Note of the Meeting Held on the 8 November 2019 in London","author":"UK National Screening Committee"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref20-bib20","volume-title":"Transforming Lives, Improving Health Outcomes | NHS Confederation","author":"NHS Confederation & Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref21-bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02838.x","article-title":"A national survey of the current state of screening services for diabetic retinopathy: ABCD\u2013Diabetes UK survey of specialist diabetes services 2006","volume":"26","author":"Nagi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref22-bib22","volume-title":"PHE Screening Inequalities Strategy","author":"GOV.UK"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref24-bib24","volume-title":"Health Care Systems: Four Basic Models | Physicians for a National Health Program"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref25-bib25","volume-title":"The Value of Co-production Research Project: A Rapid Critical Review of the Evidence","author":"O\u2019Mara-Eves","year":"2022"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref26-bib26","volume-title":"Our Approach. Co-Production Collective","author":"Co-Production Collective"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref27-bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j3453","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3453","article-title":"GRIPP2 reporting checklists: tools to improve reporting of patient and public involvement in research","volume":"358","author":"Staniszewska","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref28-bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/hir.12252","article-title":"The Embase UK filter: validation of a geographic search filter to retrieve research about the UK from Ovid Embase","volume":"36","author":"Ayiku","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Info Libr J"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref29-bib29","volume-title":"Real\u2010world Prognosis of Eyes with Diabetic Macular Oedema Receiving Treatment with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Inhibitors \u2013 Bhandari, S - 2021 | Cochrane Library","author":"Bhandari"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref30-bib30","volume-title":"Search \u2013 CADTH Search Filters Database \u2013 Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref31-bib31","volume-title":"Machine Learning Functionality in EPPI-Reviewer (Version 7, web interface)","author":"EPPI Centre"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref32-bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-42","article-title":"The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions","volume":"6","author":"Michie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref33-bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-015-0037-7","article-title":"Development, inter-rater reliability and feasibility of a checklist to assess implementation (Ch-IMP) in systematic reviews: the case of provider-based prevention and treatment programs targeting children and youth","volume":"15","author":"Cargo","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref34-bib34","author":"Thomas"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref35-bib35","volume-title":"EPPI-Vis","author":"EPPI Centre"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref36-bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref37-bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311778","article-title":"Financial disincentives? A three-armed randomised controlled trial of the effect of financial Incentives in Diabetic Eye Assessment by Screening (IDEAS) trial","volume":"102","author":"Judah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref38-bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-1311-y","article-title":"Effect of a tailored leaflet to promote diabetic retinopathy screening among young adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Lake","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref39-bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0713","article-title":"Effectiveness of nonmydriatic ultra-widefield retinal imaging to screen for diabetic eye disease: a randomized controlled trial (clearsight)","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref40-bib40","first-page":"160","article-title":"Screening for diabetic retinopathy in James Bay, Ontario: a cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"168","author":"Maberley","year":"2003","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref41-bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E57","DOI":"10.25011\/cim.v36i2.19567","article-title":"Dismantling sociocultural barriers to eye care with tele-ophthalmology: lessons from an Alberta Cree community","volume":"36","author":"Arora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Invest Med"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref42-bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-9-87","article-title":"Printed educational messages aimed at family practitioners fail to increase retinal screening among their patients with diabetes: a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN72772651]","volume":"9","author":"Zwarenstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref43-bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267215","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1267215","article-title":"An innovative Australian outreach model of diabetic retinopathy screening in remote communities","volume":"2016","author":"Glasson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref44-bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2045-2","article-title":"What do patients with diabetes and providers think of an innovative Australian model of remote diabetic retinopathy screening? A qualitative study","volume":"17","author":"Glasson","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref45-bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.08.005","article-title":"Applying an equity lens to interventions: using PROGRESS ensures consideration of socially stratifying factors to illuminate inequities in health","volume":"67","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref46-bib46","author":"Oliver","year":"2008"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref47-bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.12.029","article-title":"Acceptability of financial incentives for encouraging uptake of healthy behaviours: a critical review using systematic methods","volume":"73","author":"Giles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref48-bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12570","article-title":"Financial incentives for bowel cancer screening: results from a mixed methods study in the United Kingdom","volume":"27","author":"Wilding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref49-bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2022.107141","article-title":"Effectiveness of incentives to improve the reach of health promotion programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"162","author":"Michaud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref50-bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.15277\/bjd.2019.203","article-title":"A health equity audit of the diabetic eye screening programmes in Cumbria and the North East","volume":"19","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Diabetes"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref51-bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01519.x","article-title":"An assessment of the coverage of a district-wide diabetic retinopathy screening service","volume":"22","author":"Buch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref52-bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.5694\/mja16.00989","article-title":"Adherence to diabetic eye examination guidelines in Australia: the National Eye Health Survey","volume":"206","author":"Foreman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med J Australia"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref53-bib53","volume-title":"Lancet Reg Health: Eur","author":"Bobrowska","year":"2022"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref54-bib54","volume-title":"About Us","author":"OpenAlex","year":"2024"},{"key":"key2026090817572800_ref55-bib55","volume-title":"Types of Health Systems","author":"Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Health Technology Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2050443","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/sites\/journalslibrary\/files\/journal_data\/GJAO0707\/GJAO0707.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2050443","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:08:58Z","timestamp":1788872938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/hta\/published-articles\/GJAO0707"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3310\/GJAO0707"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/gjao0707","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-4924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-4924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made freely available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"},{"value":"12-2023","name":"contractual_start_date","label":"contractual_start_date","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"09-2024","name":"editorial_review_begun","label":"editorial review begun","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"07-2025","name":"accepted_for_publication","label":"Accepted for publication","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}}]}}