{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T01:59:56Z","timestamp":1774144796851,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13\/143\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/143\/02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In patients who require mechanical ventilation for acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure, further reduction in tidal volumes, compared with conventional low tidal volume ventilation, may improve outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To determine whether using extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal improves outcomes in patients with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure and is cost-effective.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A multicentre, randomised, allocation-concealed, open-label, pragmatic clinical trial.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Fifty-one intensive care units across the United Kingdom.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\"><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Four hundred and twelve adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation for acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure, of a planned sample size of 1120.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\"><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Lower tidal volume ventilation facilitated by extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal for at least 48 hours (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2005=\u2005202) or standard care with conventional low tidal volume ventilation (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2005=\u2005210).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\"><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>All-cause mortality 90 days. Secondary outcomes included ventilator-free days; adverse events; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use; long-term mortality; health-related quality of life; health service costs; long-term respiratory morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The trial was stopped early because of futility and feasibility. The 90-day mortality rate was 41.5% in the extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal group versus 39.5% in the standard care group (risk ratio 1.05, 95% confidence interval 0.83 to 1.33; difference 2.0%, 95% confidence interval \u2005\u2212\u20057.6% to 11.5%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2005=\u20050.68). There were significantly fewer mean ventilator-free days in the extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal group compared with the standard care group (7.1, 95% confidence interval 5.9 to 8.3) versus (9.2, 95% confidence interval 7.9 to 10.4) days; mean difference, \u22122.1 (95% confidence interval \u22123.8 to \u22120.3; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2005=\u20050.02). Serious adverse events were reported for 62 patients (31%) in extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal group and 18 (9%) in the standard care group, including intracranial haemorrhage in 9 patients (4.5%) versus 0 (0%) and bleeding at other sites in 6 (3.0%) versus 1 (0.5%) in the extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal group versus the control group. Two-year mortality data were available for 95% of patients. There was no difference in the time to death between groups (hazard ratio 1.08, 95% confidence interval 0.81 to 1.44; log-rank test <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2005=\u20050.61). There was no difference in long-term outcomes between groups. There was no difference in quality-adjusted life-years at 12 months (mean difference \u22120.01, 95% confidence interval \u22120.06 to 0.05). Total 12-month costs were statistically significantly higher in the extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal group (mean difference \u00a37668.76, 95% confidence interval \u00a3159.75 to \u00a315,177.77). Secondary analyses indicated there may be heterogeneity of treatment effect based on physiological characteristics of the patients. A systematic review supported these findings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-9\"><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Only 6% of screened patients were included in the study; most sites were naive to the intervention before the study commenced; other aspects of care were not standardised in each group, because this was a pragmatic trial; the trial may have been underpowered to detect a clinically important difference, because the trial was stopped early; blinding to the clinicians or patients was not possible.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-10\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There were no short- or long-term benefits found, and the device was associated with higher cost and potentially significant complications. We would advise against using this device in addition to standard care for the treatment of patients with hypoxaemic respiratory failure, outside of future clinical trials.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-11\"><jats:title>Future work<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Future studies could further explore whether different patient populations receiving a larger \u2018dose\u2019 of from extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal might benefit, use core outcome sets and collect broader long-term outcomes and consider measuring patients\u2019 health-related quality of life at the soonest opportunity after regaining capacity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-12\"><jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This synopsis presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme as award number 13\/143\/02.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/gjdm0320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T15:30:12Z","timestamp":1754321412000},"page":"1-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal for the treatment of acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure: the REST RCT"],"prefix":"10.3310","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2564-8511","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James J","family":"McNamee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9839-6282","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ashley","family":"Agus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Ireland Clinical Trials Unit, Belfast Health and 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