{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T14:04:00Z","timestamp":1774361040110,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001921","name":"Public Health Research programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR150838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR150838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Young people\u2019s engagement in gambling can be linked to gambling-related harm. There is a lack of independently funded and evidence-based school-based interventions that seek to prevent and reduce the harms associated with gambling.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To conduct a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial of a gambling prevention intervention (Preventing Gambling Related Harm in Adolescents) among young people aged 13\u201315 years to determine the utility of conducting a phase III randomised controlled trial assessing effectiveness and cost-effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design and methods<\/jats:title>\n Two-arm, pilot cluster randomised controlled trial with an embedded process evaluation, health economic scoping study and social network analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Six state schools across Scotland: four intervention and two control.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n \n Students aged 13\u201315 years (baseline: intervention\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2005=\u2005762 students, control\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2005=\u2005352 students. Follow-up: intervention\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2005=\u2005598 students, control\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2005=\u2005295 students).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Intervention<\/jats:title>\n Preventing Gambling Related Harm in Adolescents is a peer-led, social network intervention to prevent adolescent gambling and reduce gambling-related harm. Students, nominated by peers in their year group, attended a 2-day training workshop outside of school, which was delivered by trained youth workers. After completing the 2-day training workshop, students were then assigned the role of \u2018peer supporters\u2019. Peer supporters then attended three in-school follow-up sessions, with the same youth workers, to refresh the learning they had received during the workshop. After the workshop and during the follow-up sessions, peer supporters were encouraged to have conversations about their learning on the topic of gambling and gambling-related harm with their friends and family. Social network maps were created by peer supporters to: (1) help them identify people to speak to and (2) record to who they spoke to about gambling and gambling-related harm.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n Progression to a full-scale Phase III cluster randomised control trial, using pre-set progression criteria. Progression criteria were: (1) successful recruitment of six schools; (2) five schools remain in the pilot study; (3) the intervention being delivered with 80% fidelity to the manual; (4) the process evaluation indicates the intervention is acceptable to students and staff and (5) 70% of students complete the student questionnaire at baseline and follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n All five progression criteria were met. All schools were recruited and retained in the study and there were low levels of missing data on outcomes. The process evaluation indicated that Preventing Gambling Related Harm in Adolescents was acceptable to all stakeholders and was delivered with fidelity to the delivery manual. Some minor refinements to the intervention and trial methods would aid student perception of the real-world effects of gambling. Indicative costs to deliver two cycles of Preventing Gambling Related Harm in Adolescents in one school were \u00a38313.00, with a mean cost per student of \u00a328.08.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Limitations<\/jats:title>\n A limitation is student self-reported gambling behaviour. This relied on their interpretation of what gambling is, which varied.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Delivery of the Preventing Gambling Related Harm in Adolescents intervention was both feasible and acceptable, indicating that the study could progress to a full-scale Phase III randomised controlled trial, with minor amendments to the intervention and trial processes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Future work<\/jats:title>\n Preventing Gambling Related Harm in Adolescents should progress to a full-scale randomised controlled trial.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Funding<\/jats:title>\n This synopsis presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme as award number NIHR150838.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/gjfd3715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T08:05:13Z","timestamp":1752566713000},"page":"1-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preventing Gambling Related Harm in Adolescents: PRoGRAM \u2013 A pilot cluster RCT \u2013 Synopsis Report"],"prefix":"10.3310","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5886-0220","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Angela","family":"Niven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9165-790X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martine","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8371-8453","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Trials Research, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2998-9249","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leon","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1361-3706","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Heather","family":"Wardle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1958-3897","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew","family":"Stoddart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3978-3754","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6494-4903","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher","family":"Weir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3052-7287","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hannah","family":"Ensor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Conor","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Larkhall Universal Connections, Lanarkshire, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Freya","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6527-0218","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard","family":"Purves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8294-8203","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fiona","family":"Dobbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref1-bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23565-8","article-title":"Preventing gambling-related harm among adolescents (PRoGRAM-A): a mixed method process evaluation","volume":"25","author":"Miller","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref2-bib2","volume-title":"Gambling and Sports in a Global Age","author":"Pitt","year":"2023"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref3-bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583817","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.583817","article-title":"Gambling marketing strategies and the internet: what do we know? A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Guillou-Landreat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref4-bib4","volume-title":"The Determinants of Gambling Normalisation: Causes, Consequences and Public Health Responses","author":"Thomas","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref5-bib5","volume-title":"Gambling Fact Sheet","author":"WHO","year":"2024"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref6-bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10337-3","article-title":"Is there a health inequality in gambling related harms? A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Raybould","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref7-bib7","volume-title":"Faculty of Public Health Gambling Policy Statement","author":"Faculty for Public Health of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref8-bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2747-0","article-title":"Understanding gambling related harm: a proposed definition, conceptual framework, and taxonomy of harms","volume":"16","author":"Langham","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref9-bib9","volume-title":"Gambling-Related Harms Evidence Review: Summary","author":"Public Health England","year":"2021"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref10-bib10","volume-title":"The Fiscal Costs and Benefits of Problem Gambling: Towards Better Estimates","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2023"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref11-bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2017.1331252","article-title":"A typical problem gambler affects six others","volume":"17","author":"Goodwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Gambl Stud"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref12-bib12","volume-title":"Young People and Gambling 2024: Official Statistics","author":"Ipsos MORI"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref13-bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18030984","article-title":"Attitudes, risk factors, and behaviours of gambling among adolescents and young people: a literature review and gap analysis","volume":"18","author":"Riley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref14-bib14","volume-title":"Measuring Gambling-Related Harms among Children and Young People: A Framework for Action","author":"Ipsos MORI","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref15-bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-018-9742-6","article-title":"An exploration of how simulated gambling games may promote gambling with money","volume":"34","author":"Armstrong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gambl Stud"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref16-bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0232780","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232780","article-title":"The changing face of desktop video game monetisation: an exploration of exposure to loot boxes, pay to win, and cosmetic microtransactions in the most-played Steam games of 2010\u20132019","volume":"15","author":"Zendle","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref17-bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20549-1","article-title":"Surprisingly high prevalence rates of severe psychological distress among consumers who purchase loot boxes in video games","volume":"12","author":"Drummond","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref18-bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.05.016","article-title":"The relationship of loot box purchases to problem video gaming and problem gambling","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref19-bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-010-9181-5","article-title":"Family influences on adolescent gambling behavior: a review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"McComb","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gambl Stud"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref20-bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldaa027","article-title":"Gambling in children and adolescents","volume":"136","author":"Emond","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref21-bib21","article-title":"Influences on gambling during youth: comparisons between at-risk\/problem, non-problem and non-gambling adolescents in Australia [published online ahead of print July 14 2024]","author":"Hing","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Youth Stud"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref22-bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0280996","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280996","article-title":"Parental gambling frequency and adolescent gambling: a cross-sectional path model involving adolescents and parents","volume":"18","author":"Donati","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref23-bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2023.02.033","article-title":"Peer and parental social norms as determinants of gambling initiation: a prospective study","volume":"73","author":"Parrado-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref24-bib24","volume-title":"Final Synthesis Report: The Effect of Gambling Marketing and Advertising on Children, Young People and Vulnerable Adults (PDF)","author":"Ipsos MORI","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref25-bib25","volume-title":"Exploring the Gambling Journeys of Young People","author":"The Gambling Commission","year":"2021"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref26-bib26","volume-title":"Young People and Gambling 2023: Official Statistics \u2013 Young People\u2019s Active Involvement in Gambling","author":"The Gambling Commission","year":"2023"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref27-bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0213194","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213194","article-title":"Loot boxes are again linked to problem gambling: results of a replication study","volume":"14","author":"Zendle","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref28-bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190049","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.190049","article-title":"Adolescents and loot boxes: links with problem gambling and motivations for purchase","volume":"6","author":"Zendle","year":"2019","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref29-bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvx077sp","volume-title":"Vicious Games: Capitalism and Gambling","author":"Cassidy","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref30-bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359.2012.680079","article-title":"Statistics, scapegoats and social control: a critique of pathological gambling prevalence research","volume":"21","author":"Young","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict Res Theory"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref31-bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l1807","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1807","article-title":"Gambling and public health: we need policy action to prevent harm","volume":"365","author":"Wardle","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref32-bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e950","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00167-1","article-title":"The Lancet Public Health Commission on gambling","volume":"9","author":"Wardle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref33-bib33","first-page":"1616","article-title":"School\u2010based programmes for preventing smoking","volume":"8","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref34-bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1617-9625-5-7","article-title":"The promise of long-term effectiveness of school-based smoking prevention programs: a critical review of reviews","volume":"5","author":"Flay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref35-bib35","article-title":"Tobacco cessation interventions for young people","volume":"2017","author":"Fanshawe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref36-bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2015.1020264","article-title":"Identifying well-connected opinion leaders for informal health promotion: the example of the ASSIST smoking prevention program","volume":"31","author":"Holliday","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Commun"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref37-bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/1468181022000025776","article-title":"A comparison of students\u2019 evaluations of a peer-delivered sex education programme and teacher-led provision","volume":"2","author":"Forrest","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sex Educ"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref38-bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/phr05070","article-title":"Adapting the ASSIST model of informal peer-led intervention delivery to the Talk to FRANK drug prevention programme in UK secondary schools (ASSIST+ FRANK): intervention development, refinement and a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"White","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Res"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref39-bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntr155","article-title":"Reducing smoking in adolescents: cost-effectiveness results from the cluster randomized ASSIST (A Stop Smoking In Schools Trial)","volume":"14","author":"Hollingworth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nicot Tob Res"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref40-bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.12.023","article-title":"A peer education program: delivering highly reliable sexual health promotion messages in schools","volume":"54","author":"Layzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref41-bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/14681810410001678356","article-title":"\u2018You realise it could happen to you\u2019: the benefits to pupils of young mothers delivering school sex education","volume":"4","author":"Kidger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Educ"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref42-bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60692-3","article-title":"An informal school-based peer-led intervention for smoking prevention in adolescence (ASSIST): a cluster randomised trial","volume":"371","author":"Campbell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref43-bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7112-7","article-title":"Implementation of a peer-led school based smoking prevention programme: a mixed methods process evaluation","volume":"19","author":"Dobbie","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref44-bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dau008","article-title":"Lessons from a peer-led obesity prevention programme in English schools","volume":"32","author":"Bell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref45-bib45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Protocol for a feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial of a peer-led school-based intervention to increase the physical activity of adolescent girls (PLAN-A)","volume":"2","author":"Sebire","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref46-bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/phr08150","article-title":"A peer-led intervention to promote sexual health in secondary schools: the STASH feasibility study","volume":"8","author":"Mitchell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Res"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref47-bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101122","article-title":"The politics and fantasy of the gambling education discourse: an analysis of gambling industry-funded youth education programmes in the United Kingdom","volume":"18","author":"van Schalkwyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref48-bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-024-01537-w","article-title":"Protocol for a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial of PRoGRAM-A (preventing gambling-related harm in adolescents): a secondary school-based social network intervention","volume":"10","author":"Dobbie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref49-bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.5153\/sro.3864","article-title":"The visual sociogram in qualitative and mixed-methods research","volume":"21","author":"Tubaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Res Online"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref50-bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/1098214005283748","article-title":"A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data","volume":"27","author":"Thomas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Eval"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref51-bib51","first-page":"47","article-title":"Pajek-program for large network analysis","volume":"21","author":"Batagelj","year":"1998","journal-title":"Connections"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref52-bib52","volume-title":"Methods for Assessing Costs of Gambling Related Harms and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions","author":"Patel","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref53-bib53","volume-title":"Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes","author":"Drummond","year":"2015"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref55-bib55","volume-title":"Evidence to Impact","author":"Good","year":"2024"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref56-bib56","volume-title":"Gambling-Related Harms Evidence Review: Summary","author":"Public Health England, Office for Health Improvement and Disparities","year":"2023"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref57-bib57","volume-title":"Cards on the Table: The Cost to Government Associated with People Who Are Problem Gamblers in Britain","author":"Thorley","year":"2016"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref58-bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17816-3","article-title":"The association between health-related quality of life and problem gambling severity: a cross-sectional analysis of the Health Survey for England","volume":"24","author":"Moore","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref59-bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1882-8","article-title":"A tale of two countries: comparing disability weights for gambling problems in New Zealand and Australia","volume":"27","author":"Rawat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref60-bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.040","article-title":"Quality of life instruments used in problem gambling studies: a systematic review and a meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Bonfils","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref61-bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n2061","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2061","article-title":"A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions: update of Medical Research Council guidance","volume":"374","author":"Skivington","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref62-bib62","volume-title":"Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation","author":"The Scottish Government","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref63-bib63","volume-title":"Scotland Census","author":"Scotland Census","year":"2022"},{"key":"key2026032418385300_ref64-bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g1687","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1687","article-title":"Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide","volume":"348","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Public Health Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2050585","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/sites\/journalslibrary\/files\/journal_data\/GJFD3715\/GJFD3715.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2050585","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T13:13:38Z","timestamp":1774358018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/phr\/GJFD3715"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["10.3310\/GJFD3715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/gjfd3715","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-439X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-439X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made freely available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"},{"value":"03-2023","name":"contractual_start_date","label":"contractual_start_date","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"04-2025","name":"editorial_review_begun","label":"editorial review begun","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"07-2025","name":"accepted_for_publication","label":"Accepted for publication","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}}]}}