{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T03:26:46Z","timestamp":1783394806702,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR129715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR129715"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical inactivity and suboptimal diet in pregnancy are important modifiable risk factors for gestational diabetes, a major contributor to pregnancy complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to assess the effects of physical activity and\/or diet-based lifestyle interventions during pregnancy on gestational diabetes and if these vary by maternal (body mass index, age, parity, ethnicity, education) and intervention characteristics using individual participant data meta-analysis of randomised trials, and a cost-effectiveness analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\">\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>International Weight Management in Pregnancy Collaborative Network database was updated by searching major databases from February 2017 to March 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\">\n                    <jats:title>Review methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The main outcomes were gestational diabetes by any criteria and by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Other outcomes were gestational diabetes as per International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group and maternal and perinatal outcomes. We performed a two-stage random-effects individual participant data meta-analysis to obtain summary estimates (odds ratio) with 95% confidence intervals. Study quality of included trials was assessed, and heterogeneity summarised using \u03c4\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Where possible, we added the aggregate data from non-individual participant data trials to the meta-analysis. We ranked interventions by effectiveness using network meta-analysis and undertook model-based economic evaluation to assess cost-effectiveness. The cost-effectiveness analysis took an NHS cost perspective compared an overall lifestyle intervention versus usual care with a time horizon covering the beginning of pregnancy until the discharge of the mother and infant from the hospital following delivery.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ninety-two trials (32,284 women) were included; 54 (23,698 women) provided individual participant data. Lifestyle interventions reduced the odds of gestational diabetes (any criteria) by 10% in individual participant data trials (odds ratio 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.80 to 1.02, 54 studies, 23,361 women), and the findings reached statistical significance when non-individual participant data were included (odds ratio 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.73 to 0.89, 92 studies, 31,947 women). Physical activity significantly reduced the odds of gestational diabetes by 36% (odds ratio 0.64; 95% confidence interval 0.48 to 0.84), and diet by 19% (odds ratio 0.81; 0.69 to 0.96), but not mixed interventions. Women with middle (odds ratio 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.51 to 0.90) and high educational level (odds ratio 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.54 to 0.93) benefited more than those with low educational status, and no differences by maternal body mass index, age, parity or ethnicity. There was no significant reduction in gestational diabetes defined by National Institute for Health and Care Excellence criteria (odds ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.84 to 1.13) in individual participant data trials. For gestational diabetes defined using International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group criteria, interventions reduced gestational diabetes by 14% (odds ratio 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.75 to 0.97, \u03c4\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2005=\u20050.00, 16 studies, 6174 women) in individual participant data trials and by 17% (odds ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.72 to 0.95, \u03c4\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2005=\u20050.01, 25 studies, 7883 women) when non-individual participant data trials were added. Overall, physical activity reduced caesarean section (odds ratio 0.83; 0.72 to 0.96), small-for-gestational age (odds ratio 0.72; 0.56 to 0.92) and large-for-gestational age babies (odds ratio 0.81; 0.71 to 0.94); diet-based interventions reduced any preterm birth (odds ratio 0.37; 0.20 to 0.68) compared to controls. No differences were observed for other outcomes. Lifestyle interventions were on average more expensive and more effective at averted gestational diabetes and major outcome averted compared to usual care.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\">\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We could not identify the specific intervention components and delivery methods associated with improved outcomes, due to variations in reporting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lifestyle interventions in pregnancy prevent gestational diabetes, and the effects vary according to the definition of gestational diabetes. Physical activity-based interventions may be the most effective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\">\n                    <jats:title>Future work<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lifestyle interventions should be implemented and evaluated in routine clinical practice to prevent gestational diabetes, with additional support for women with low socioeconomic status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-9\">\n                    <jats:title>Study registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42020212884. www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42020212884<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-10\">\n                    <jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR129715) and is published in full in\n                      <jats:italic>Health Technology Assessment<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; Vol. 30, No. 39. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/gjst1327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T07:18:57Z","timestamp":1743059937000},"page":"1-252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of physical activity and diet in pregnancy to prevent gestational diabetes: an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis on the differential effects of interventions with economic evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3310","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4134-6246","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John","family":"Allotey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Global Women\u2019s Health, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, 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