{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T12:24:08Z","timestamp":1765196648666,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR129798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR129798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The barriers and facilitators to engagement with\u00a0Opiate Substitute Treatment and Needle and Syringe Provision need to be better understood to develop interventions to attract people into services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective(s)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a multi-method realist evaluation to generate an in-depth theory of the factors that influence the optimal provision of services in terms of access, engagement, retention and successful exit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\">\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multi-method involving an online survey of United Kingdom drug and alcohol service commissioning leads and a meta-synthesis\u00a0of qualitative literature (phase 1) to facilitate the development of an initial theory of optimal provision; and, in phase 2, a realist evaluation to test and refine the initial theory, involving in-depth interviews across three United Kingdom sites, with service commissioners, managers, staff and service users. We used routine treatment and staffing data to estimate the additional staff costs of implementing optimal service provision within one context of our refined theory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings indicated that optimal provision could be understood with reference to five main contexts [(1) agency and empowerment, (2) self-esteem and respect, (3) knowledge and communication, (4) goals, needs and preferences and (5) resources and demands]. The analysis suggested that optimal provision could be facilitated via specific mechanisms of action, operating at the \u2018Systems level\u2019 (policy, legislation and funding) and \u2018Service level\u2019 (delivery of services, service pathways, staff roles and responsibilities and organisational culture). Our analysis also identified the potential importance of independent \u2018mediating mechanisms\u2019 (e.g. confidence, trust and self-efficacy) which can operate to increase the likelihood of successful service outcomes. A costing analysis estimated the costs associated with a smaller caseload for shared care workers and the implementation of a salary increment scheme at one of the study sites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\">\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The survey sample size limited generalisability. There was a limited number of United Kingdom studies within the meta-synthesis. The findings of the realist evaluation highlight that provision was not optimised in the observed sites, limiting examples of best practice. However, the conceptual theory of optimal provision can direct future research to facilitate the development and implementation of optimal policy and practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We have provided a rich understanding of the contexts, mechanisms and actions by which optimal delivery of Opiate Substitute Treatment and Needle and Syringe Provision services may increase the likelihood of successful service provision. A multiagency approach applying various mechanisms within the various contexts of optimal provision may need to be implemented to optimise the provision.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\">\n                    <jats:title>Future work<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Future research should focus on the development of a multiple-system toolkit or intervention to help drug services to implement optimal provision. More research is also needed to assess, the barriers and facilitators, that vulnerable underserved population and people from minority ethnic groups may face, and the mechanisms to improve provision for these populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\">\n                    <jats:title>Study registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is registered as PROSPERO 2020 CRD42020209646.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-9\">\n                    <jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR129798) and is published in full in\n                      <jats:italic>Health Technology Assessment<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; Vol. 29, No. 64. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/hgds4449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T09:21:40Z","timestamp":1737364900000},"page":"1-118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimal provision of opiate substitution therapy and needle and syringe programmes: a multi-method realist evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3310","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4241-5735","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"McCulloch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4987-0555","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"April","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Salvation Army Centre for Addiction Services and Research, Faculty of Social Science, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5616-6283","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gail","family":"Gilchrist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London, England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7568-1125","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Catriona","family":"Matheson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3318-9500","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Margaret","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1502-5983","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joanne","family":"Neale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London, England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7811-2091","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gareth","family":"Myring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2266-7303","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hugh","family":"McLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9864-459X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matt","family":"Hickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8291-5890","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Vickerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2350-8128","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alison","family":"Munro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1933-6431","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steve","family":"MacGillivray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref1-bib1","volume-title":"2017 Drugs Strategy","author":"HM Government","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref2-bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/rssa.12011","article-title":"Estimating prevalence of injecting drug users and associated heroin-related death rates in England by using regional data and incorporating prior information","volume":"177","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser A"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref3-bib3","volume-title":"Estimating the National and Local Prevalence of Problem Drug Misuse in Scotland. Project Report","author":"Hay","year":"2009"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref4-bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109494","article-title":"The impact of opioid agonist treatment on hospitalisations for injecting-related diseases among an opioid dependent population: a retrospective data linkage study","volume":"236","author":"Colledge-Frisby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref5-bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32229-9","article-title":"Global patterns of opioid use and dependence: harms to populations, interventions, and future action","volume":"394","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref6-bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e659","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00057-8","article-title":"Epidemiology of injecting drug use, prevalence of injecting-related harm, and exposure to behavioural and environmental risks among people who inject drugs: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref7-bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1208","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30373-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and country-level coverage of interventions to prevent and manage HIV and hepatitis C among people who inject drugs: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Larney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref8-bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.029","article-title":"A systematic review of injecting-related injury and disease among people who inject drugs","volume":"171","author":"Larney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref9-bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00392-8","article-title":"Self-harm and suicide during and after opioid agonist treatment among primary care patients in England: a cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Padmanathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref10-bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.0976","article-title":"Association of opioid agonist treatment with all-cause mortality and specific causes of death among people with opioid dependence: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"Santo","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref11-bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.4170","article-title":"All-cause and cause-specific mortality among people using extramedical opioids: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Larney","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref12-bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.782","article-title":"National record linkage study of mortality for a large cohort of opioid users ascertained by drug treatment or criminal justice sources in England, 2005\u20132009","volume":"146","author":"Pierce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref13-bib13","volume-title":"2019 Surveillance of Needle and Syringe Programmes (NICE Guideline PH52): Appendix A: Summary of Evidence from Surveillance","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref14-bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1iii","DOI":"10.3310\/hta11090","article-title":"Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence: a systematic review and economic evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Connock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref15-bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00752.x","article-title":"Economic analysis of costs and consequences of the treatment of drug misuse: 2-year outcome data from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS)","volume":"99","author":"Godfrey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref16-bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03618.x","article-title":"Effect of prison-based opioid substitution treatment and post-release retention in treatment on risk of re-incarceration","volume":"107","author":"Larney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref17-bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.09.017","article-title":"Effect of initiating drug treatment on the risk of drug-related poisoning death and acquisitive crime among offending heroin users","volume":"51","author":"Pierce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref18-bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15736","article-title":"Modeling the population-level impact of opioid agonist treatment on mortality among people accessing treatment between 2001 and 2020 in New South Wales, Australia","volume":"117","author":"Chaillon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref19-bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14188","article-title":"The impact of buprenorphine and methadone on mortality: a primary care cohort study in the United Kingdom","volume":"113","author":"Hickman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref20-bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30538-1","article-title":"Modelling the intervention effect of opioid agonist treatment on multiple mortality outcomes in people who inject drugs: a three-setting analysis","volume":"8","author":"Stone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref22-bib22","volume-title":"Clinical Guidelines on Drug Misuse and Dependence Update 2017. Drug Misuse and Dependence: UK Guidelines on Clinical Management","author":"Clinical Guidelines on Drug Misuse and Dependence Update 2017 Independent Expert Working Group","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref23-bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5945","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e5945","article-title":"Opiate substitution treatment and HIV transmission in people who inject drugs: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"345","author":"MacArthur","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref24-bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14012","article-title":"Needle and syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing HCV transmission among people who inject drugs: findings from a Cochrane Review and meta-analysis","volume":"113","author":"Platt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref25-bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e578","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30168-1","article-title":"Potential impact of implementing and scaling up harm reduction and antiretroviral therapy on HIV prevalence and mortality and overdose deaths among people who inject drugs in two Russian cities: a modelling study","volume":"5","author":"Cepeda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref26-bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.10.010","article-title":"Model projections on the impact of HCV treatment in the prevention of HCV transmission among people who inject drugs in Europe","volume":"68","author":"Fraser","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref27-bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz097","article-title":"Scaling up hepatitis C prevention and treatment interventions for achieving elimination in the United States: a rural and urban comparison","volume":"188","author":"Fraser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref28-bib28","article-title":"Needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing hepatitis C transmission in people who inject drugs","volume":"9","author":"Platt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref29-bib29","volume-title":"Injecting Equipment Provision in Scotland","author":"Information Services Division","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref30-bib30","volume-title":"Needle and Syringe Programmes: Public Health Guideline [PH52]","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2014"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref31-bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e484","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00082-8","article-title":"Mortality among individuals prescribed opioid-agonist therapy in Scotland, UK, 2011\u201320: a national retrospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"McAuley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref32-bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2005.02.007","article-title":"An overview of systematic reviews of the effectiveness of opiate maintenance therapies: available evidence to inform clinical practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Amato","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref33-bib33","volume-title":"Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases among People Who Inject Drugs \u2013 2023 Update","author":"M\u00e5rdh","year":"2023"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref34-bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e673","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00058-X","article-title":"Global coverage of interventions to prevent and manage drug-related harms among people who inject drugs: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Colledge-Frisby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref35-bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00109-X","article-title":"Evaluating effectiveness of syringe exchange programmes: current issues and future prospects","volume":"51","author":"Bastos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref36-bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00521-X","article-title":"Situational factors influencing drug injecting, risk reduction and syringe exchange in Togliatti City, Russian Federation: a qualitative study of micro risk environment","volume":"57","author":"Rhodes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref37-bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.021","article-title":"Opioid substitution therapy: lowering the treatment thresholds","volume":"161","author":"Kourounis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref38-bib38","article-title":"Methadone maintenance at different dosages for opioid dependence","volume":"2003","author":"Faggiano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref39-bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j1550","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1550","article-title":"Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"357","author":"Sordo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref40-bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32232-9","article-title":"Strategies to reduce drug-related harm: responding to the evidence base","volume":"394","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref41-bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13212","article-title":"Qualitative evaluation of a novel contingency management-related intervention for patients receiving supervised injectable opioid treatment","volume":"111","author":"Neale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref42-bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2010.02.001","article-title":"Optimal provision of needle and syringe programmes for injecting drug users: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref43-bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-018-0212-3","article-title":"Scoping out the literature on mobile needle and syringe programs-review of service delivery and client characteristics, operation, utilization, referrals, and impact","volume":"15","author":"Strike","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref44-bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2011.570384","article-title":"The needs of problematic drug misusers not in structured treatment \u2013 a qualitative study of perceived treatment barriers and recommendations for services","volume":"19","author":"Notley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref45-bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2017.1325744","article-title":"Use of opioid substitution therapies in the treatment of opioid use disorder: results of a UK cost-effectiveness modelling study","volume":"20","author":"Kenworthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref46-bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14519","article-title":"Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of existing needle and syringe programmes in preventing hepatitis C transmission in people who inject drugs","volume":"114","author":"Sweeney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref47-bib47","volume-title":"What Are the Risk Factors That Make People Susceptible to Substance Misuse Problems and Harms? Briefing Report","author":"Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref48-bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix768","article-title":"The effect of female sex on hepatitis C incidence among people who inject drugs: results from the international multicohort InC3 collaborative","volume":"66","author":"Esmaeili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref49-bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004988","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-004988","article-title":"Higher risk of incident hepatitis C virus among young women who inject drugs compared with young men in association with sexual relationships: a prospective analysis from the UFO Study cohort","volume":"4","author":"Tracy","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref50-bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2015.978672","article-title":"Emerging risks due to new injecting patterns in Hungary during austerity times","volume":"50","author":"Tarj\u00e1n","year":"2015","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref51-bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003583","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003583","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"18","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref52-bib52","volume-title":"CASP (Qualitative) Checklist","author":"Critical Appraisal Skills Programme","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref53-bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","article-title":"Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups","volume":"19","author":"Tong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref54-bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732303253488","article-title":"Classifying the findings in qualitative studies","volume":"13","author":"Sandelowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref55-bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985000","volume-title":"Meta-Ethnography","author":"Noblit","year":"1988"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref56-bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2010.495098","article-title":"Service user involvement in methadone maintenance programmes: the \u2018philosophy the ideal and the reality\u2019","volume":"18","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref57-bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12979","article-title":"The lived experience of Australian opioid replacement therapy recipients in a community-based program in regional Victoria","volume":"38","author":"Patil Vishwanath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref58-bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732311432718","article-title":"Methadone as social control: institutionalized stigma and the prospect of recovery","volume":"22","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref59-bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31992","DOI":"10.3402\/qhw.v11.31992","article-title":"Stuck in limbo: illicit drug users\u2019 experiences with opioid maintenance treatment and the relation to recovery","volume":"11","author":"Gr\u00f8nnestad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Qual Stud Health Well-Being"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref60-bib60","first-page":"255","article-title":"\u2018Bureaucracy & beliefs\u2019: assessing the barriers to accessing opioid substitution therapy by people who inject drugs in Ukraine","volume":"22","author":"Bojko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drugs (Abingdon Engl)"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref61-bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12523","article-title":"Readiness and recovery: transferring between methadone and buprenorphine\/naloxone for the treatment of opioid use disorder","volume":"28","author":"Bishop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref62-bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.03.003","article-title":"The future of opioid agonist therapies in Ukraine: a qualitative assessment of multilevel barriers and ways forward to promote retention in treatment","volume":"66","author":"Bojko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref63-bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12411","article-title":"\u2018Crisis\u2019 and \u2018everyday\u2019 initiators: a qualitative study of coercion and agency in the context of methadone maintenance treatment initiation","volume":"36","author":"Damon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref64-bib64","first-page":"248","article-title":"Challenging biopower: \u2018liquid cuffs\u2019 and the \u2018Junkie\u2019 habitus","volume":"22","author":"Gelpi-Acosta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drugs (Abingdon Engl)"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref65-bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100609","article-title":"Opioid agonist therapy trajectories among street entrenched youth in the context of a public health crisis","volume":"11","author":"Giang","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref66-bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0189-3","article-title":"Barriers to retention in methadone maintenance therapy among people who inject drugs in Bangkok, Thailand: a mixed-methods study","volume":"14","author":"Hayashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref67-bib67","author":"James","year":"2005"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref68-bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/JAN.0000000000000307","article-title":"Perceptions and experiences of methadone maintenance treatment: a qualitative descriptive research study","volume":"30","author":"Jeske","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Addict Nurs"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref69-bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-018-0787-z","article-title":"Perceived barriers to methadone maintenance treatment among Iranian opioid users","volume":"17","author":"Khazaee-Pool","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref70-bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00415-x","article-title":"Perspectives of clients and providers on factors influencing opioid agonist treatment uptake among HIV-positive people who use drugs in Indonesia, Ukraine, and Vietnam: HPTN 074 study","volume":"17","author":"Kiriazova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref71-bib71","first-page":"163","article-title":"In their own voices: breaking the vicious cycle of addiction, treatment and criminal justice among people who inject drugs in Ukraine","volume":"23","author":"Mazhnaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drugs (Abingdon Engl)"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref72-bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.04.008","article-title":"Negotiating structural vulnerability following regulatory changes to a provincial methadone program in Vancouver, Canada: a qualitative study","volume":"133","author":"McNeil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref73-bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2011.587392","article-title":"Redefining retention: recovery from the patient\u2019s perspective","volume":"43","author":"Mitchell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref74-bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2019.01.019","article-title":"Using nominal group technique to identify barriers, facilitators, and preferences among patients seeking treatment for opioid use disorder: a needs assessment for decision making support","volume":"100","author":"Muthulingam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref75-bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.03.026","article-title":"Struggling to achieve a \u2018normal life\u2019: a qualitative study of Vietnamese methadone patients","volume":"68","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref76-bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12079","article-title":"Regaining control: the patient experience of supervised compared with unsupervised consumption in opiate substitution treatment","volume":"33","author":"Notley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref77-bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12275","DOI":"10.1111\/nin.12275","article-title":"Methadone maintenance treatment as social control: analyzing patient experiences","volume":"26","author":"O\u2019Byrne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nurs Inq"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref78-bib78","volume-title":"Personal Perceptions and Experiences of Methadone Maintenance Treatment: A Qualitative Descriptive Research Study","author":"Pearson","year":"2015"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref79-bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86873","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086873","article-title":"Exploring stakeholder perceptions of facilitators and barriers to using needle exchange programs in Yunnan Province, China","volume":"9","author":"Philbin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref80-bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105785","article-title":"Patient perceptions of treatment with medication treatment for opioid use disorder (MOUD) in the Vermont hub-and-spoke system","volume":"128","author":"Rawson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref81-bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2009.10400539","article-title":"Premature discharge from methadone treatment: patient perspectives","volume":"41","author":"Reisinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref82-bib82","volume-title":"Access to Clean Injecting Equipment Among Injecting Drug Users in South Wales: Qualitative Study","author":"Rhodes","year":"2006"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref83-bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732317732307","article-title":"Why people who inject drugs voluntarily transition off methadone in Ukraine","volume":"27","author":"Rozanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref84-bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e318297021e","article-title":"Meaning and methadone: patient perceptions of methadone dose and a model to promote adherence to maintenance treatment","volume":"7","author":"Sanders","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref85-bib85","first-page":"241","article-title":"Opioid substitution therapy \u2013 a study of GP participation in prescribing","volume":"40","author":"Scarborough","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust Fam Physician"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref86-bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732320938689","article-title":"Overcoming barriers: individual experiences obtaining medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder","volume":"30","author":"Scorsone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref87-bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00425-9","article-title":"A qualitative study of facilitators and barriers to participate in a needle exchange program for women who inject drugs","volume":"17","author":"V\u00e4rm\u00e5 Falk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref88-bib88","first-page":"1178221816685087","article-title":"\u2018Don\u2019t judge a book by its cover\u2019: a qualitative study of methadone patients\u2019 experiences of stigma","volume":"11","author":"Woo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Subst Abuse"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref89-bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.031","article-title":"Methadone, buprenorphine and preferences for opioid agonist treatment: a qualitative analysis","volume":"160","author":"Yarborough","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref90-bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-015-0037-2","article-title":"Long-term self-treatment with methadone or buprenorphine as a response to barriers to opioid substitution treatment: the case of Sweden","volume":"12","author":"Richert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref91-bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3109\/14659890903431603","article-title":"Embarrassing, degrading, or beneficial: patient and staff perspectives on urine drug testing in methadone maintenance treatment","volume":"15","author":"Strike","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Subst Use"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref92-bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.08.018","article-title":"Trust and people who inject drugs: the perspectives of clients and staff of Needle Syringe Programs","volume":"27","author":"Treloar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref93-bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-013-9436-3","article-title":"A qualitative study of prescribing doctor experiences of methadone maintenance treatment","volume":"12","author":"Van Hout","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref94-bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/016059760402800404","article-title":"The stigma paradox in methadone maintenance: na\u00efve and positive consequences of a \u2018treatment punishment\u2019 approach to opiate addiction","volume":"28","author":"Vigilant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Humanity Soc"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref95-bib95","volume-title":"Needle Exchange Services in Knowsley: An Investigation into the Needs and Experiences of Staff and Service Users","author":"Bates","year":"2015"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref96-bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.002","article-title":"Uptake of needle and syringe program services in the Kyrgyz Republic: key barriers and facilitators","volume":"179","author":"Deryabina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref97-bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.09.005","article-title":"Acceptability of low dead space syringes and implications for their introduction: a qualitative study in the West of England","volume":"39","author":"Kesten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref98-bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2016.07.006","article-title":"Community pharmacist experiences of providing needle and syringe programmes in Ireland","volume":"13","author":"McVeigh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Social Adm Pharm"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref99-bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.14.2.126.23900","article-title":"Needle exchange: how the meanings ascribed to needles impact exchange practices and policies","volume":"14","author":"Strike","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref100-bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.10.018","article-title":"Syringe access and health harms: characterizing \u2018landscapes of antagonism\u2019 in California\u2019s Central Valley","volume":"75","author":"Syvertsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref101-bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1080\/14659891.2018.1523968","article-title":"\u2018A lot of people call it liquid handcuffs\u2019 \u2013 barriers and enablers to opioid replacement therapy in a rural area","volume":"24","author":"Wood","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Subst Use"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref102-bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2008.07.004","article-title":"Why don\u2019t out-of-treatment individuals enter methadone treatment programmes?","volume":"21","author":"Peterson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref103-bib103","first-page":"73","article-title":"Exploring Irish travellers\u2019 experiences of opioid substitute treatment: a phenomenological study","volume":"19","author":"Claffey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heroin Addict Relat Clin Probl"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref104-bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3109\/01612840.2013.873102","article-title":"Guided by priority: how clinicians manage access to opioid replacement therapy","volume":"35","author":"Harlow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Issues Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref105-bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-016-0085-y","article-title":"Systemic and individual factors in the buprenorphine treatment-seeking process: a qualitative study","volume":"12","author":"Hewell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref106-bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2011.561905","article-title":"Opiate users\u2019 perceived barriers against attending methadone maintenance therapy: a qualitative study in China","volume":"46","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref107-bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdw138","article-title":"\u2018Standing Outside the Junkie Door\u2019 \u2013 service users\u2019 experiences of using community pharmacies to access treatment for opioid dependency","volume":"39","author":"Radley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref108-bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2019.1653324","article-title":"Patient barriers and facilitators to medications for opioid use disorder in primary care","volume":"54","author":"Tofighi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref109-bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000217","article-title":"Patient views of opioid pharmacotherapy biodelivery systems: qualitative study to assist treatment decision making","volume":"26","author":"Neale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref110-bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.057","article-title":"Implants and depot injections for treating opioid dependence: qualitative study of people who use or have used heroin","volume":"189","author":"Neale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref111-bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080802483936","article-title":"Supervised methadone consumption: client issues and stigma","volume":"44","author":"Anstice","year":"2009","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref112-bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-018-0792-8","article-title":"Optimising treatment in opioid dependency in primary care: results from a national key stakeholder and expert focus group in Ireland","volume":"19","author":"Van Hout","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref113-bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12939","article-title":"Depot buprenorphine injections for opioid use disorder: patient information needs and preferences","volume":"38","author":"Neale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref114-bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.05.005","article-title":"What is low threshold methadone maintenance treatment?","volume":"24","author":"Strike","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref115-bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00368-1","article-title":"High retention in an opioid agonist therapy project in Durban, South Africa: the role of best practice and social cohesion","volume":"17","author":"Marks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref116-bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-018-9603-1","article-title":"Counseling staff\u2019s views of patient-centered methadone treatment: changing program rules and staff roles","volume":"45","author":"Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Behav Health Serv Res"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref117-bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-019-0139-3","article-title":"Provider and patient perspectives on barriers to buprenorphine adherence and the acceptability of video directly observed therapy to enhance adherence","volume":"14","author":"Godersky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict Sci Clin Pract"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref118-bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6210.2012.02657.x","article-title":"Reflections on street level bureaucracy: past, present, and future","volume":"72","author":"Brodkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Admin Rev"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref119-bib119","volume-title":"Social Determinants of Health: The Solid Facts","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2003"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref120-bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-019-0347-x","article-title":"A client-centered relational framework on barriers to the integration of HIV and substance use services: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Pinto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref121-bib121","volume-title":"Analyzing Qualitative Data","author":"Ritchie","year":"1994"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref122-bib122","volume-title":"Independent Report Review of Drugs Part Two: Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery. DHSC","author":"Black","year":"2021"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref123-bib123","volume-title":"Local Government Services Pay Agreement 2023 1\/11\/23","author":"National Joint Council for Local Government Services","year":"2023"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref124-bib124","first-page":"152","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of benzodiazepine prescribing for people receiving opioid agonist treatment: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"12","author":"Matheson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacy (Basel)"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref125-bib125","volume-title":"A Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) of a Diazepam Maintenance Intervention versus Standard Care of Tapering Diazepam to Reduce Dependent Street Benzodiazepine Use in Adults Receiving Opioid Agonist Treatment (OAT) (The In-BOAT Trial)","author":"Matheson","year":"2025"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref126-bib126","article-title":"An implementation science evaluation of Scotland\u2019s first Heroin Assisted Treatment (HAT) facility","author":"McAuley","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref127-bib127","volume-title":"An Implementation Science Evaluation of Scotland\u2019s First Heroin Assisted Treatment (HAT) Facility (Report)","author":"McAuley","year":"2023"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref128-bib128","author":"Stone","year":"2025"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref129-bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103418","article-title":"Reinfection following successful direct-acting antiviral therapy for HCV infection among people attending an inner-city community health centre in Victoria, Canada","volume":"96","author":"Selfridge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref130-bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101176","article-title":"Impact and cost-effectiveness of scaling up HCV testing and treatment strategies for achieving HCV elimination among people who inject drugs in England: a mathematical modelling study","volume":"49","author":"Ward","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref131-bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104182","article-title":"Experiences of peer work in drug use service settings: a systematic review of qualitative evidence","volume":"120","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref132-bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"daae086","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daae086","article-title":"Systems thinking in, and for, public health: a call for a broader path","volume":"39","author":"Gadsby","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref133-bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689237","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.689237","article-title":"Health equity in times of a pandemic: a plea for a participatory systems approach in public health","volume":"9","author":"Lauwerier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref134-bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0188418","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188418","article-title":"Whole-system approaches to improving the health and wellbeing of healthcare workers: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Brand","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref135-bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0292945","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292945","article-title":"Whole systems approaches to diet and healthy weight: a scoping review of reviews","volume":"19","author":"Breslin","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref136-bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6274-z","article-title":"Whole systems approaches to obesity and other complex public health challenges: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Bagnall","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref137-bib137","volume-title":"Hepatitis C in the UK 2023: Working to Eliminate Hepatitis C as a Public Health Threat","author":"UK Health Security Agency","year":"2023"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref138-bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e036044","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-036044","article-title":"What are the elements of a whole system approach to community-centred public health? A qualitative study with public health leaders in England\u2019s local authority areas","volume":"10","author":"Stansfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref139-bib139","first-page":"106","article-title":"Impact of career advancement on employee retention","volume":"8","author":"Thwin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Latest Eng Manag Res"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref140-bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0830-7","article-title":"The role of addiction-medicine specialists in the global fight against addiction","volume":"26","author":"Levy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref141-bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1159\/000381671","article-title":"Effectiveness and organization of addiction medicine training across the globe","volume":"21","author":"Ayu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref142-bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000528409","article-title":"Self-assessment of addiction medicine core competencies in four year groups of psychiatrists in training: efficacy of the addiction medicine training needs assessment scale in a local training context","volume":"29","author":"Pinxten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref143-bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13068","article-title":"Addiction psychiatry and addiction medicine: the evolution of addiction physician specialists","volume":"29","author":"Nunes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref144-bib144","volume-title":"The Role of Addiction Specialist Doctors in Recovery Orientated Treatment Systems","author":"Public Health England","year":"2015"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref145-bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2024.104429","article-title":"Evaluating the effect of direct-acting antiviral agent treatment scale-up on hepatitis C virus prevalence among people who inject drugs in UK","volume":"144","author":"Samartsidis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref146-bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12873-y","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on access to harm reduction, substance use treatment and recovery services in Scotland: a qualitative study","volume":"22","author":"Schofield","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref147-bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16500","article-title":"Prevalence of opioid dependence in Scotland 2015\u20132020: a multi-parameter estimation of prevalence (MPEP) study","volume":"119","author":"Markoulidakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref148-bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2017.1285775","article-title":"Hidden population size estimation from respondent-driven sampling: a network approach","volume":"113","author":"Crawford","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref149-bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2478\/nsad-2013-0011","article-title":"The hidden population: some methodological issues about estimation of problematic drug use","volume":"30","author":"Dahlberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nordic Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref150-bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609406915621420","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406915621420","article-title":"Finding the hidden participant: solutions for recruiting hidden, hard-to-reach, and vulnerable populations","volume":"14","author":"Ellard-Gray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Qual Methods"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref152-bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006808","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006808","article-title":"The effectiveness of toolkits as knowledge translation strategies for integrating evidence into clinical care: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Yamada","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref153-bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-019-0929-8","article-title":"Spread tools: a systematic review of components, uptake, and effectiveness of quality improvement toolkits","volume":"14","author":"Hempel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Implementation Sci"},{"key":"key2025120817442400_ref154-bib154","volume-title":"Engaging Black and Minority Ethnic Groups in Health Research","author":"Darko","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Health Technology Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2049378","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/sites\/journalslibrary\/files\/journal_data\/HGDS4449\/HGDS4449.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2049378","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T12:19:28Z","timestamp":1765196368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/hta\/HGDS4449"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":152,"alternative-id":["10.3310\/HGDS4449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/hgds4449","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-4924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-4924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made freely available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"},{"value":"12-2020","name":"contractual_start_date","label":"contractual_start_date","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"02-2024","name":"editorial_review_begun","label":"editorial review begun","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"04-2025","name":"accepted_for_publication","label":"Accepted for publication","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}}]}}