{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T21:43:01Z","timestamp":1785274981448,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","issue":"Suppl 2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]],"date-time":"2009-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1251763200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/non-commercial-government-licence\/non-commercial-government-licence.htm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["06\/53-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06\/53-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a summary of the evidence review group\u2019s critical review of the evidence for the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of rituximab for the treatment of severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) following failure of previous therapy, including one or more tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 inhibitors (TNFi), compared with current standards of care, based upon the manufacturer\u2019s submission to the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) as part of the single technology appraisal (STA) process. The submission\u2019s clinical evidence came from one randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial (REFLEX \u2013 Random Evaluation of Long-term Efficacy of Rituximab in Rheumatoid Arthritis) comparing rituximab plus methotrexate (MTX) with placebo plus MTX in 517 patients with long-standing refractory RA. Rituximab plus MTX was more effective than placebo plus MTX across a range of primary and secondary outcome measures, e.g. American College of Rheumatology (ACR) responses, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). However, this evidence cannot be used directly to address the manufacturer\u2019s analysis of the decision problem because, in the REFLEX trial, rituximab was not compared with a relevant comparator (e.g. leflunomide or second or third TNFi). Long-term efficacy data for retreatment with rituximab are favourable, with an estimated mean time to retreatment of 307 days (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009164). Evidence from a further five trials is presented as the basis for indirect comparisons with other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs); however, it is not clear that all relevant clinical studies have been included in the indirect comparison exercise, the rationale for the choice of indirect comparison method adopted is unclear and the indirect comparison method used to adjust the ACR responses only uses a single value for the reference placebo. The submitted microsimulation Markov model was based upon the REFLEX trial. For the \u2018NICE-recommended\u2019 scenario and the \u2018sequential TNFi\u2019 scenario, the original submission reports incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of \u00a314,690 and \u00a311,601 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained respectively. After model assumptions were adjusted to more realistic estimates by the ERG, the ICERs for the NICE-recommended scenario and the sequential use of TNFi range from \u00a337,002 to \u00a380,198 per QALY gained and from \u00a328,553 to \u00a365,558 per QALY gained respectively. The guidance issued by NICE in August 2007 states that rituximab in combination with methotrexate is recommended as an option for the treatment of adults with severe active rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response to or intolerance of other DMARDs including treatment with at least one TNFi therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3310\/hta13suppl2-04","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T18:12:28Z","timestamp":1613067148000},"page":"23-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Rituximab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3310","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Bagust","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Boland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Hockenhull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Fleeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Greenhalgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Dundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Proudlove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, 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