{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:51:53Z","timestamp":1790787113617,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","issue":"50","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/non-commercial-government-licence\/non-commercial-government-licence.htm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000276","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13\/39\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/39\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.3310\/hta18500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,18]],"date-time":"2014-08-18T09:33:00Z","timestamp":1408354380000},"page":"1-60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Clinical effectiveness of interventions for treatment-resistant anxiety in older people: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3310","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Samantha","family":"Barton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BMJ Technology Assessment Group, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotta","family":"Karner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BMJ Technology Assessment Group, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Salih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BMJ Technology Assessment Group, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BMJ Technology Assessment Group, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20653","article-title":"Anxiety disorders in older adults: a comprehensive review","volume":"27","author":"Wolitzky-Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2005.09.006","article-title":"Evidence-based treatment of geriatric anxiety disorders","volume":"28","author":"Wetherell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2000.101001037.x","article-title":"Comorbidity of the anxiety disorders in a community-based older population in The Netherlands","volume":"101","author":"van Balkom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000300627.93523.c8","article-title":"Comorbid depression and anxiety in later life: patterns of association, subjective well-being, and impairment","volume":"16","author":"Cairney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(00)80008-5","article-title":"Anxiety and anxiety disorders in the old and very old: results from the Berlin Aging Study (BASE)","volume":"41","author":"Schaub","year":"2000","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.19.2109","article-title":"Disability and poor quality of life associated with comorbid anxiety disorders and physical conditions","volume":"166","author":"Sareen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib8","unstructured":"Lanouette N, Stein M. Advances in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders. Psychiatryonline, 2013. URL: http:\/\/focus.psychiatryonline.org\/article.aspx?articleID=53282 (accessed December 2013)."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib9","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","edition":"4th edn."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","edition":"5th edn."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib11","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research. WHO, 1993. URL: www.who.int\/classifications\/icd\/en\/bluebook.pdf (accessed December 2013)."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib12","volume-title":"Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib13","volume-title":"Anxiety Disorders among Older Adults (literature review)","author":"Gellis","year":"2007"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-000-0036-0","article-title":"Anxiety disorders in the elderly","volume":"2","author":"Carmin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.4.4.219","article-title":"Diagnosis of mental illness in elderly people from ethnic minorities","volume":"4","author":"Lindesay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv Psychiatr Treat"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib16","first-page":"76","article-title":"A treatment algorithm for the management of anxiety in primary care practice","volume":"58","author":"Hales","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meeks T, Lanouette N, Vahia I, Dawes S, Jeste DV, Lebowitz B. Psychiatric Assessment and Diagnosis in Older Adults. Psychiatryonline, 2009. URL: http:\/\/focus.psychiatryonline.org\/article.aspx?articleID=52781 (accessed December 2013).","DOI":"10.1176\/foc.7.1.foc3"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S467","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20561","article-title":"Measures of anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A)","volume":"63","author":"Julian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib19","unstructured":"Royal College of Psychiatrists. Anxiety, Panic and Phobias. RCPSYCH, 2013. URL: www.rcpsych.ac.uk\/healthadvice\/problemsdisorders\/anxiety,panic,phobias.aspx (accessed December 2013)."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib20","unstructured":"National Institute of Mental Health. Anxiety Disorders. NIMH, 2009. URL: www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/anxiety-disorders\/nimhanxiety.pdf (accessed December 2013)"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1429","article-title":"The developmental origins of anxiety","volume":"5","author":"Gross","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2647","article-title":"Neural regulation of endocrine and autonomic stress responses","volume":"10","author":"Ulrich-Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-05-01705.1989","article-title":"Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged and fatal stress in primates","volume":"9","author":"Uno","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.06.006","article-title":"The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments","volume":"31","author":"Pariante","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2011.13.4\/elenze","article-title":"A lifespan view of anxiety disorders","volume":"13","author":"Lenze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.02.028","article-title":"Neuroimaging in social anxiety disorder: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"34","author":"Freitas-Ferrari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.04.025","article-title":"The structural and functional connectivity of the amygdala: from normal emotion to pathological anxiety","volume":"223","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-996-0044-9","article-title":"Neuroimaging studies in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"4","author":"Bremner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.7.973","article-title":"MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"152","author":"Bremner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00229-6","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging study of hippocampal volume in chronic, combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"40","author":"Gurvits","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005242","article-title":"Hippocampal volume in women victimized by childhood sexual abuse","volume":"27","author":"Stein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib32","first-page":"249","article-title":"Alterations in brain structure and function associated with post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"4","author":"Bremner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1038\/nn958","article-title":"Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma","volume":"5","author":"Gilbertson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1568","article-title":"A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders","volume":"158","author":"Hettema","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30168","article-title":"The genetics of obsessive compulsive disorder: a review of the evidence","volume":"148C","author":"Pauls","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.11.1247","article-title":"Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory","volume":"55","author":"Barlow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.159.6.835","article-title":"Parental representations of patients with panic disorder and generalised anxiety disorder","volume":"159","author":"Silove","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001852","article-title":"Treatment-resistant anxiety disorders","volume":"11","author":"Bystritsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69865-6","article-title":"Generalised anxiety disorder","volume":"368","author":"Tyrer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.168.3.308","article-title":"Phenomenology and course of generalised anxiety disorder","volume":"168","author":"Yonkers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002569","article-title":"The Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder: predictors of 12-year outcome of dysthymic, panic and generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"34","author":"Tyrer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.11.1249","article-title":"Anxiety disorders and risk for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts: a population-based longitudinal study of adults","volume":"62","author":"Sareen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20329","article-title":"Novel treatment approaches for refractory anxiety disorders","volume":"25","author":"Pollack","year":"2008","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000293483","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety disorders and their comorbidity with mood and addictive disorders","volume":"34","author":"Regier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry Suppl"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib45","unstructured":"McCrone P, Dhanasiri S, Patel A, Knapp M, Lawton-Smith S. Paying the Price. The Cost of Mental Health Care in England to 2026. Kings Fund, 2008. URL: www.kingsfund.org.uk\/sites\/files\/kf\/Paying-the-Price-the-cost-of-mental-health-care-England-2026-McCrone-Dhanasiri-Patel-Knapp-Lawton-Smith-Kings-Fund-May-2008_0.pdf (accessed December 2013)."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1989.tb08584.x","article-title":"The incidence of specific DIS\/DSM-III mental disorders: data from the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program","volume":"79","author":"Eaton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib47","volume-title":"Adult Psychiatric Morbidity in England, 2007. Results of a Household Survey","author":"McManus","year":"2007"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib48","volume-title":"Generalised Anxiety Disorder in Adults. The NICE Guideline on Management In Primary, Secondary and Community Care","author":"National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health","year":"2011"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib49","volume-title":"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care","author":"National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health","year":"2005"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib50","volume-title":"Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Disorder: Core Interventions in the Treatment of Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder","author":"National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health","year":"2005"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib51","volume-title":"Social Anxiety Disorder: Recognition, Assessment and Treatment","author":"National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health","year":"2013"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib52","volume-title":"Pathway for Generalised Anxiety Disorder","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2013"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib53","volume-title":"Pathway for Panic Disorder","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2013"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib54","volume-title":"Pathway for Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2013"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib55","volume-title":"Pathway for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2013"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib56","volume-title":"Pathway for Social Anxiety Disorder","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2013"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.084756","article-title":"Efficacy, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of self-help interventions for anxiety disorders: systematic review","volume":"200","author":"Lewis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"28","key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta16280","article-title":"The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of low-intensity psychological interventions for the secondary prevention of relapse after depression: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Rodgers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib59","unstructured":"National Health Service. Improving Access to Psychological Therapies. 2007. URL: www.iapt.nhs.uk\/ (accessed December 2013)."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib60","unstructured":"British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. British National Formulary. 2013. URL: www.bnf.org\/bnf\/index.htm (accessed December 2013)."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31818b3f7e","article-title":"Meta-analysis comparing different behavioral treatments for late-life anxiety","volume":"17","author":"Thorp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib62","unstructured":"Rochon PA. Drug Prescribing for Older Adults. UpToDate, 2013. URL: www.uptodate.com\/contents\/drug-prescribing-for-older-adults (accessed December 2013)."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib63","first-page":"CD005473","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy augmentation strategies in treatment-resistant anxiety disorders","volume":"4","author":"Ipser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib64","unstructured":"Gale C, Millichamp J. Generalised Anxiety Disorder. Clinical Evidence, 2011. URL: http:\/\/clinicalevidence.bmj.com\/x\/systematic-review\/1002\/interventions.html (accessed December 2013)."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib65","unstructured":"Kumar S, Malone D. Panic Disorder. Clinical Evidence, 2008. URL: http:\/\/clinicalevidence.bmj.com\/x\/systematic-review\/1010\/interventions.html (accessed December 2013)."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib66","unstructured":"Bisson JI. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Clinical Evidence, 2009. URL: http:\/\/clinicalevidence.bmj.com\/x\/systematic-review\/1005\/interventions.html (accessed December 2013)."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S23317","article-title":"Optimal treatment of social phobia: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Canton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib68","unstructured":"Soomro GM. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Clinical Evidence, 2011. URL: http:\/\/clinicalevidence.bmj.com\/x\/systematic-review\/1004\/interventions.html (accessed December 2013)."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib69","unstructured":"Older People\u2019s Psychological Therapies Working Group. The Challenge of Delivering Psychological Therapies for Older People in Scotland. 2011. URL: www.scotland.gov.uk\/Resource\/0039\/00392671.pdf (accessed December 2013)."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105059253","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology","volume":"19","author":"Baldwin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199501004-00006","article-title":"The role of serotonin in depression and anxiety","volume":"9","author":"Baldwin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.v03n0105","article-title":"SSRI antidepressant medications: adverse effects and tolerability","volume":"3","author":"Ferguson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1306","article-title":"Trends in potentially inappropriate prescribing amongst older UK primary care patients","volume":"16","author":"De Wilde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib74","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Principles of Pharmacology: The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy","author":"Berger","year":"2011","edition":"3rd edn."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d4551","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4551","article-title":"Antidepressant use and risk of adverse outcomes in older people: population based cohort study","volume":"343","author":"Coupland","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-157-7-201210020-00525","article-title":"Antipsychotics in adults with schizophrenia: comparative effectiveness of first-generation versus second-generation medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"157","author":"Hartling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.07.004","article-title":"Tolerability of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of adults with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: a mixed treatment comparison of randomized controlled trials","volume":"31","author":"Edwards","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"54","key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta17540","article-title":"Lithium or an atypical antipsychotic drug in the management of treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and economic evaluation","volume":"17","author":"Edwards","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2147\/nedt.2007.3.2.185","article-title":"Role of pregabalin in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"3","author":"Baldwin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90325-6","article-title":"Buspirone: review of its pharmacology and current perspectives on its mechanism of action","volume":"80","author":"Eison","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0312","article-title":"Double-blind treatment with oral morphine in treatment-resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"66","author":"Koran","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1080","article-title":"Adjunctive risperidone treatment for antidepressant-resistant symptoms of chronic military service-related PTSD: a randomized trial","volume":"306","author":"Krystal","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707001092","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: a double-blind controlled investigation","volume":"37","author":"Sachdev","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e527","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12m08278","article-title":"Double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of paliperidone augmentation in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"74","author":"Storch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181b05fd1","article-title":"Electroacupuncture for refractory obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a pilot waitlist-controlled trial","volume":"197","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1002\/da.21937","article-title":"Generalizability of clinical trial results for generalized anxiety disorder to community samples","volume":"29","author":"Hoertel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib87","unstructured":"Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. CRD\u2019s Guidance for Undertaking Reviews in Healthcare. 2011. URL: www.york.ac.uk\/inst\/crd\/SysRev\/!SSL!\/WebHelp\/SysRev3.htm (accessed December 2013)."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib88","volume-title":"Clinical Effectiveness of Interventions for Treatment-Resistant Anxiety in Older People: a Systematic Review (PROSPERO record)","author":"Centre for Reviews and Dissemination","year":"2013"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib89","unstructured":"Information Specialists\u2019 Sub-Group. The InterTASC Information Specialists\u2019 Sub-Group Search Filter Resource. 2013. URL: https:\/\/sites.google.com\/a\/york.ac.uk\/issg-search-filters-resource\/methods-of-developing-search-filters (accessed December 2013)."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib90","volume-title":"Search Filters","author":"Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network","year":"2013"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib91","unstructured":"Clinical Evidence. Study Design Search Filters. 2013. URL: http:\/\/clinicalevidence.bmj.com\/x\/set\/static\/ebm\/learn\/665076.html (accessed December 2013)."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib92","unstructured":"University of Texas (School of Public Health). Search Filters for Ovid Medline, Ovid PsycINFO, PubMed, EBSCO CINAHL. 2013. URL: https:\/\/sph.uth.edu\/charting\/Ovid_PsycINFO_filters.htm (accessed December 2013)."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.4.643","article-title":"Psychological treatment of late-life anxiety: an empirical review","volume":"71","author":"Nordhus","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31806841c8","article-title":"Treatment of anxiety disorders in older adults: a meta-analytic comparison of behavioral and pharmacological interventions","volume":"15","author":"Pinquart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib95","first-page":"28","article-title":"Ziprasidone for treatment-resistant generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"12","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prim Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.118547","article-title":"Age differences in treatment response to a collaborative care intervention for anxiety disorders","volume":"203","author":"Wetherell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03824.x","article-title":"Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders in older people: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials","volume":"60","author":"Gould","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.127639","article-title":"Lack of interventions for anxiety in older people","volume":"203","author":"Voshaar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.4155\/cli.12.4","article-title":"The views of older people and carers on participation in clinical trials: the PREDICT study","volume":"2","author":"Bartlam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Invest"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib100","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 1994; p.435. URL: http:\/\/justines2010blog.files.wordpress.com\/2011\/03\/dsm-iv.pdf (last accessed 6 June 2014)."},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.042","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for refractory obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"57","author":"Abelson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318192e9a4","article-title":"Memantine augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: an open-label trial","volume":"29","author":"Aboujaoude","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e328333d574","article-title":"Novel approaches to treatment of generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"23","author":"Allgulander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0b013e3283457d73","article-title":"Augmentative quetiapine in partial\/nonresponders with generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"26","author":"Altamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2008.01.006","article-title":"Naltrexone augmentation in OCD: a double-blind placebo\u2013controlled cross-over study","volume":"18","author":"Amiaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.18.1.129","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy versus psychosurgery for refractory obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"18","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-200205000-00004","article-title":"Quetiapine augmentation in patients with treatment resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a single-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Atmaca","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.9.1293","article-title":"Addition of desipramine to serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"154","author":"Barr","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.039","article-title":"Adjunctive risperidone in the treatment of chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"57","author":"Bartzokis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0319","article-title":"Outcomes of late-life anxiety disorders during 32 weeks of citalopram treatment","volume":"67","author":"Blank","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3283578cdd","article-title":"Anxiety disorders in old age","volume":"25","author":"Blay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n1016","article-title":"Adjunctive risperidone in generalized anxiety disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"66","author":"Brawman-Mintzer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib113","first-page":"536","article-title":"Treatment of anxiety with ketazolam in elderly patients","volume":"10","author":"Bresolin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881111431751","article-title":"Lamotrigine augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"26","author":"Bruno","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1159\/000093342","article-title":"Positron emission tomography imaging of risperidone augmentation in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-refractory patients","volume":"53","author":"Buchsbaum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20610","article-title":"Efficacy of interpersonal therapy-group format adapted to post-traumatic stress disorder: an open-label add-on trial","volume":"27","author":"Campanini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-5-5","article-title":"Quetiapine augmentation of SRIs in treatment refractory obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study","volume":"5","author":"Carey","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.2011.02026.x","article-title":"Group music therapy for patients with persistent post-traumatic stress disorder: an exploratory randomized controlled trial with mixed methods evaluation","volume":"85","author":"Carr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(02)00673-9","article-title":"Open-label olanzapine in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder refractory to antidepressant treatment","volume":"17","author":"Crocq","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.02.127","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of patients with obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder treated by anterior capsulotomy: a neuropsychological study","volume":"126","author":"Csigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(00)00065-1","article-title":"Pindolol augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive compulsive disorder: a double-blind placebo controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Dannon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20187","article-title":"Adjunctive risperidone treatment and sleep symptoms in combat veterans with chronic PTSD","volume":"23","author":"David","year":"2006","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n0106","article-title":"A double-blind switch study of paroxetine and venlafaxine in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"65","author":"Denys","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD008120","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008120.pub2","article-title":"Second-generation antipsychotics for anxiety disorders","volume":"12","author":"Depping","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e31822c29a8","article-title":"Pregabalin augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a 16-week case series","volume":"31","author":"Di","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.158.1.24","article-title":"Controlled comparison of day-patient and out-patient treatment for persistent anxiety and depression","volume":"158","author":"Dick","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108099423","article-title":"Quetiapine versus clomipramine in the augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a randomized, open-label trial","volume":"24","author":"Diniz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3182367aee","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of fluoxetine plus quetiapine or clomipramine versus fluoxetine plus placebo for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"31","author":"Diniz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2004.04.004","article-title":"Low-dose risperidone augmentation of fluvoxamine treatment in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"15","author":"Erzegovesi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.10.918","article-title":"Intravenous clomipramine for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder refractory to oral clomipramine: a placebo-controlled study","volume":"55","author":"Fallon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09636.x","article-title":"Overcoming resistance to exposure in panic disorder with agoraphobia","volume":"95","author":"Fava","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-200507000-00005","article-title":"Adding quetiapine to SRI in treatment-resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a randomized controlled treatment study","volume":"20","author":"Fineberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yic.0000215083.57801.11","article-title":"Adjunctive quetiapine for serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled treatment trials","volume":"21","author":"Fineberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0b013e32801182f7","article-title":"Effects of quetiapine on cognitive functioning in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"22","author":"Geus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.11.028","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for intractable obsessive compulsive disorder: pilot study using a blinded, staggered-onset design","volume":"67","author":"Goodman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3067-z","article-title":"In a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial, adjuvant memantine improved symptoms in inpatients suffering from refractory obsessive\u2013compulsive disorders (OCD)","volume":"228","author":"Haghighi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOTS.0000048956.03529.fa","article-title":"CBT for Vietnamese refugees with treatment-resistant PTSD and panic attacks: a pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Hinton","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Traum Stress"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20070","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavior therapy for Cambodian refugees with treatment-resistant PTSD and panic attacks: a cross-over design","volume":"18","author":"Hinton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2009.00100.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of efficacy of CBT for Cambodian refugees with PTSD: improvement in emotion regulation and orthostatic blood pressure response","volume":"15","author":"Hinton","year":"2009","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.01.005","article-title":"Culturally adapted CBT (CA-CBT) for Latino women with treatment-resistant PTSD: a pilot study comparing CA-CBT to applied muscle relaxation","volume":"49","author":"Hinton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200010000-00011","article-title":"Pindolol augmentation in patients with treatment-resistant panic disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Hirschmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib142","first-page":"481","article-title":"Clomipramine in the treatment of agoraphobic inpatients resistant to behavioral therapy","volume":"54","author":"Hoffart","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1521\/ijct.2009.2.2.160","article-title":"Is it beneficial to add pharmacotherapy to cognitive-behavioral therapy when treating anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic review","volume":"2","author":"Hofmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Cogn Ther"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145703003730","article-title":"Risperidone augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"6","author":"Hollander","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2009.11.006","article-title":"Unilateral deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in patients with treatment-resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: outcomes after one year","volume":"112","author":"Huff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v63n0904","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of adjunctive paroxetine in panic disorder patients unsuccessfully treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy alone","volume":"63","author":"Kampman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04500","article-title":"A randomized controlled study of sequentially applied repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"70","author":"Kang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50003.x","article-title":"Venlafaxine ER as a treatment for generalized anxiety disorder in older adults: Pooled analysis of five randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials","volume":"50","author":"Katz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib149","article-title":"Extended release quetiapine fumarate (Quetiapine XR) as adjunct therapy in patients with generalized anxiety disorder and a history of inadequate treatment response: a randomized, double-blind study","volume":"44","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib150","first-page":"323","volume-title":"Treatment Resistant Anxiety Disorders","author":"Kolivakis","year":"2010"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000195112.24769.b3","article-title":"Pulse-loaded intravenous clomipramine in treatment-resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"26","author":"Koran","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04605","article-title":"Double-blind study of dextroamphetamine versus caffeine augmentation for treatment-resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"70","author":"Koran","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318185e735","article-title":"Quetiapine addition to serotonin reuptake inhibitors in patients with severe obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"28","author":"Kordon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0610","article-title":"Risperidone and haloperidol augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in refractory obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a crossover study","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199903000-00005","article-title":"Lesion topography and outcome after thermocapsulotomy or gamma knife capsulotomy for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: relevance of the right hemisphere","volume":"44","author":"Lippitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181d21951","article-title":"Ziprasidone treatment of refractory generalized anxiety disorder: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study","volume":"30","author":"Lohoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(00)90127-5","article-title":"Five-year follow-up study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"41","author":"Macklin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2008.01.001","article-title":"8-week, single-blind, randomized trial comparing risperidone versus olanzapine augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"18","author":"Maina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0708514","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in severe obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"359","author":"Mallet","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145711000575","article-title":"Placebo effect after prefrontal magnetic stimulation in the treatment of resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Mansur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145709990435","article-title":"Randomized sham-controlled trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"13","author":"Mantovani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.12.1982","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of paroxetine treatment for chronic PTSD: a fixed-dose, placebo-controlled study","volume":"158","author":"Marshall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04369","article-title":"A long-term trial of the effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotic agents in augmenting SSRI-refractory obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"70","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000096248.95165.ac","article-title":"Sertraline in panic disorder: initial treatment versus switch strategy","volume":"23","author":"Mavissakalian","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199106000-00005","article-title":"A controlled trial of lithium augmentation in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: lack of efficacy","volume":"11","author":"McDougle","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.4.647","article-title":"Limited therapeutic effect of addition of buspirone in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"150","author":"McDougle","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950040046006","article-title":"Haloperidol addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with and without tics","volume":"51","author":"McDougle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch General Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.8.794","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone addition in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-refractory obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"57","author":"McDougle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000248620.34541.bc","article-title":"An open-label trial of aripiprazole augmentation for treatment-resistant generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"27","author":"Menza","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110378371","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of (\u00b13,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"25","author":"Mithoefer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e31820e3db6","article-title":"Effect of aripiprazole augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors or clomipramine in treatment-resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"31","author":"Muscatello","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1159\/000151521","article-title":"Outcome of additional behaviour therapy including treatment discontinuation for fluvoxamine non-responders with obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"77","author":"Nakatani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0103","article-title":"High-dose sertraline strategy for nonresponders to acute treatment for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a multicenter double-blind trial","volume":"67","author":"Ninan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000064565.49299.9A","article-title":"Long-term electrical capsular stimulation in patients with obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"52","author":"Nuttin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.095315","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation in the internal capsule and nucleus accumbens region: responses observed during active and sham programming","volume":"78","author":"Okun","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2008.03.015","article-title":"Repetitive TMS combined with exposure therapy for PTSD: a preliminary study","volume":"23","author":"Osuch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib177","first-page":"CD007674","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in later life","volume":"1","author":"Oude Voshaar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-198610000-00005","article-title":"Propranolol and atenolol in the treatment of anxiety","volume":"1","author":"Peet","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181727548","article-title":"Riluzole augmentation in treatment-refractory obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a series of 13 cases, with long-term follow-up","volume":"28","author":"Pittenger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib180","first-page":"20","article-title":"Optimizing pharmacotherapy of generalized anxiety disorder to achieve remission","volume":"62","author":"Pollack","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.07.005","article-title":"Olanzapine augmentation of fluoxetine for refractory generalized anxiety disorder: a placebo controlled study","volume":"59","author":"Pollack","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib182","first-page":"327","article-title":"The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on symptoms in obsessive compulsive disorder. A randomized, double blind, sham controlled study","volume":"27","author":"Prasko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib183","first-page":"33","article-title":"The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) add on serotonin reuptake inhibitors in patients with panic disorder: a randomized, double blind sham controlled study","volume":"28","author":"Prasko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.2.371","article-title":"Reduction of nightmares and other PTSD symptoms in combat veterans by prazosin: a placebo-controlled study","volume":"160","author":"Raskind","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib185","first-page":"677","article-title":"Therapeutic effect and safety of adjunctive risperidone in refractory obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD)","volume":"32","author":"Ravizza","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0b013e328350b133","article-title":"Adjunctive therapy with pregabalin in generalized anxiety disorder patients with partial response to SSRI or SNRI treatment","volume":"27","author":"Rickels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v62n1211","article-title":"Right versus left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a preliminary investigation","volume":"62","author":"Sachdev","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1002\/da.21996","article-title":"Effects of aripiprazole augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (a double blind clinical trial)","volume":"29","author":"Sayyah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1165","article-title":"Paroxetine augmentation in patients with generalised social anxiety disorder, non-responsive to mirtazapine or placebo","volume":"26","author":"Schutters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1169","article-title":"The comparison of aripiprazole and risperidone augmentation in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-refractory obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a single-blind, randomised study","volume":"26","author":"Selvi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.11.010","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine addition in fluoxetine-refractory obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"55","author":"Shapira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0309","article-title":"Paroxetine CR augmentation for posttraumatic stress disorder refractory to prolonged exposure therapy","volume":"69","author":"Simon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1087-x","article-title":"Quetiapine augmentation of paroxetine CR for the treatment of refractory generalized anxiety disorder: preliminary findings","volume":"197","author":"Simon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04485blu","article-title":"Next-step strategies for panic disorder refractory to initial pharmacotherapy: a 3-phase randomized clinical trial","volume":"70","author":"Simon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2006.07.002","article-title":"Antipsychotic augmentation of serotonergic antidepressants in treatment-resistant obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"Skapinakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.2.309","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral treatment of late-life generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"71","author":"Stanley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1725","article-title":"Pindolol potentiation of paroxetine for generalized social phobia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study","volume":"158","author":"Stein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.10.1777","article-title":"Adjunctive olanzapine for SSRI-resistant combat-related PTSD: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"159","author":"Stein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.67.1.13","article-title":"A randomized trial of cognitive therapy and imaginal exposure in the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"67","author":"Tarrier","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1980.01780240079009","article-title":"Clomipramine treatment of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. I. A controlled clinical trial","volume":"37","author":"Thor\u00e9n","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1159\/000339369","article-title":"Cognitive therapy versus fluvoxamine as a second-step treatment in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder nonresponsive to first-step behavior therapy","volume":"81","author":"van Balkom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"key20140818102658054_ref1-bib202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-996631","article-title":"Differential therapy in generalized anxiety disorders \u2013 30 single-case experiments","volume":"63","author":"Wurthmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr"}],"container-title":["Health Technology Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/hta18500\/hta18500.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2001956","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/hta18500\/hta18500.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2002549","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T15:28:47Z","timestamp":1692113327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/hta\/hta18500\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":202,"journal-issue":{"issue":"50","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3310\/hta18500"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/hta18500","relation":{},"ISSN":["1366-5278","2046-4924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1366-5278","type":"print"},{"value":"2046-4924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made freely available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}