{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:36:40Z","timestamp":1792193800350,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","issue":"54","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/non-commercial-government-licence\/non-commercial-government-licence.htm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000276","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["06\/07\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06\/07\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Smoking during pregnancy causes many adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is effective for cessation outside pregnancy but efficacy and safety in pregnancy are unknown. We hypothesised that NRT would increase smoking cessation in pregnancy without adversely affecting infants.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To compare (1) at delivery, the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness for achieving biochemically validated smoking cessation of NRT patches with placebo patches in pregnancy and (2) in infants at 2 years of age, the effects of maternal NRT patch use with placebo patch use in pregnancy on behaviour, development and disability.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial and economic evaluation with follow-up at 4 weeks after randomisation, delivery and until infants were 2 years old. Randomisation was stratified by centre and a computer-generated sequence was used to allocate participants using a 1\u2009:\u20091 ratio. Participants, site pharmacies and all study staff were blind to treatment allocation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Seven antenatal hospitals in the Midlands and north-west England.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n Women between 12 and 24 weeks\u2019 gestation who smoked \u2265\u200910 cigarettes a day before and \u2265\u20095 during pregnancy, with an exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) reading of \u2265\u20098\u2009parts per million (p.p.m.).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interventions<\/jats:title>\n NRT patches (15\u2009mg per 16 hours) or matched placebo as an 8-week course issued in two equal batches. A second batch was dispensed at 4 weeks to those abstinent from smoking.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n Participants: self-reported, prolonged abstinence from smoking between a quit date and childbirth, validated at delivery by CO measurement and\/or salivary cotinine (COT) (primary outcome). Infants, at 2 years: absence of impairment, defined as no disability or problems with behaviour and development. Economic: cost per \u2018quitter\u2019.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n One thousand and fifty women enrolled (521 NRT, 529 placebo). There were 1010 live singleton births and 12 participants had live twins, while there were 14 fetal deaths and no birth data for 14 participants. Numbers of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes were similar in trial groups, except for a greater number of caesarean deliveries in the NRT group. Smoking: all participants were included in the intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses; those lost to follow-up (7% for primary outcome) were assumed to be smoking. At 1 month after randomisation, the validated cessation rate was higher in the NRT group {21.3% vs. 11.7%, odds ratio [OR], [95% confidence interval (CI)] for cessation with NRT, 2.05 [1.46 to 2.88]}. At delivery, there was no difference between groups\u2019 smoking cessation rates: 9.4% in the NRT and 7.6% in the placebo group [OR (95% CI), 1.26 (0.82 to 1.96)]. Infants: at 2 years, analyses were based on data from 888 out of 1010 (87.9%) singleton infants (including four postnatal infant deaths) [445\/503 (88.5%) NRT, 443\/507 (87.4%) placebo] and used multiple imputation. In the NRT group, 72.6% (323\/445) had no impairment compared with 65.5% (290\/443) in placebo (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.86). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for NRT use was \u00a34156 per quitter (\u00a34926 including twins), but there was substantial uncertainty around these estimates.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Nicotine replacement therapy patches had no enduring, significant effect on smoking in pregnancy; however, 2-year-olds born to women who used NRT were more likely to have survived without any developmental impairment. Further studies should investigate the clinical effectiveness and safety of higher doses of NRT.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN07249128.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Funding<\/jats:title>\n \n This project was funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in\n Health Technology Assessment<\/jats:italic>\n ; Vol. 18, No. 54. See the NIHR Journals Library programme website for further project information.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/hta18540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T06:44:45Z","timestamp":1409553885000},"page":"1-128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["The SNAP trial: a randomised placebo-controlled trial of nicotine replacement therapy in pregnancy \u2013 clinical effectiveness and safety until 2 years after delivery, with economic evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3310","volume":"18","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn07249128","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn","type":"results"}],"author":[{"given":"Sue","family":"Cooper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James G","family":"Thornton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Marlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Women\u2019s Health, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Division of Midwifery, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Britton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J","family":"Grainge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaspal","family":"Taggar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Essex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Parrott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Dickinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Whitemore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the Smoking, Nicotine And Pregnancy (SNAP) Trial Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib1","volume-title":"Smoking and the Young","author":"","year":"1992"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.02.106","article-title":"Research agenda for preterm birth: recommendations from the March of Dimes","volume":"193","author":"Green","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0708473","article-title":"Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease","volume":"359","author":"Gluckman","year":"2008","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib4","unstructured":"The NHS Information Centre. Infant Feeding Survey 2010. Early Results. The NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care; 2011. URL: www.hscic.gov.uk\/catalogue\/PUB00648 (accessed 9 April 2014)."},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-5-138","article-title":"Socio-demographic factors associated with smoking and smoking cessation among 426,344 pregnant women in New South Wales, Australia","volume":"5","author":"Mohsin","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340802179814","article-title":"Do pregnant women still smoke? A study of smoking patterns among 261,029 primiparous women in Denmark 1997\u20132005","volume":"87","author":"Jensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gyn Scand"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib7","first-page":"911","article-title":"Smoking during pregnancy \u2013 United States, 1990\u20132002","volume":"53","author":"","year":"2004","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2008.02.011","article-title":"Who smokes during pregnancy? An analysis of the German Perinatal Quality Survey 2005","volume":"122","author":"Schneider","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib9","first-page":"86","article-title":"Tobacco smoking during pregnancy in Spain: an analysis according to years, autonomous communities and maternal characteristics","volume":"124","author":"Martinez-Frias","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/1617-9625-1-2-121","article-title":"Smoking cessation intervention during pregnancy in a Polish urban community \u2013 what is the target population?","volume":"1","author":"Polanska","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tob Induced Dis"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3109\/00016341003678450","article-title":"Prenatal tobacco prevention and cessation interventions for women in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"89","author":"Oncken","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib12","volume-title":"WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008 \u2013 the MPOWER Package","author":"","year":"2008"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.153379","article-title":"Exposure to parental and sibling smoking and the risk of smoking uptake in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Leonardi-Bee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD001055","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001055.pub3","article-title":"Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"Lumley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02140.x","article-title":"Self-help smoking cessation interventions in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Naughton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib16","volume-title":"Statistics on NHS Stop Smoking Services \u2013 England, April 2011 to March 2012","author":"","year":"2013"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib17","volume-title":"NHS Maternity Statistics \u2013 England, 2010\u20132011","author":"","year":"2013"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD000146","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000146.pub3","article-title":"Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation","volume":"1","author":"Stead","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib19","first-page":"CD000031","article-title":"Antidepressants for smoking cessation","volume":"1","author":"Hughes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib20","first-page":"CD006103","article-title":"Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation","volume":"4","author":"Cahill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200124040-00005","article-title":"Risks and benefits of nicotine to aid smoking cessation in pregnancy","volume":"24","author":"Dempsey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2003.09.001","article-title":"Effect of antenatal exposure to maternal smoking on behavioural problems and academic achievement in childhood: prospective evidence from a Dutch birth cohort","volume":"75","author":"Batstra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Early Hum Develop"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.11.1985","article-title":"Maternal smoking during pregnancy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in offspring","volume":"160","author":"Thapar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii91","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.9.suppl_3.iii91","article-title":"The use of pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation during pregnancy","volume":"9","author":"Benowitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib25","volume-title":"British National Formulary","author":"","year":"2003"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib26","unstructured":"Anonymous. National Treatment Guidelines. 2013. URL: www.treatobacco.net\/en\/page_224.php (accessed 15 August 2013)."},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(00)01071-1","article-title":"Nicotine patches for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled study","volume":"96","author":"Wisborg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-393X(01)80011-4","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of nicotine replacement therapy in pregnancy","volume":"62","author":"Kapur","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cur Ther Res"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2003.00221.x","article-title":"Multimodal intervention raises smoking cessation rate during pregnancy","volume":"82","author":"Hegaard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gyn Scand"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03179.x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation in pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"Coleman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD010078","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010078","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy","volume":"9","author":"Coleman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib32","first-page":"CD001055","article-title":"Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy","volume":"4","author":"Lumley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.05.042","article-title":"A randomised-controlled pilot study using nicotine patches with pregnant women","volume":"31","author":"Hotham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.05.006","article-title":"Nicotine replacement and behavioral therapy for smoking cessation in pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"Pollak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Prevent Med"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318187e1ec","article-title":"Nicotine gum for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"112","author":"Oncken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib36","volume-title":"Standard for Training in Smoking Cessation Treatments","author":"","year":"2003"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(00)70492-3","article-title":"Effectiveness of Agency for Health Care Policy and Research clinical practice guideline and patient education methods for pregnant smokers in medicaid maternity care","volume":"182","author":"Windsor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200210123581","article-title":"Biochemical verification of tobacco use and cessation","volume":"4","author":"","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03059.x","article-title":"Measuring the heaviness of smoking: using self-reported time to the first cigarette of the day and number of cigarettes smoked per day","volume":"84","author":"Heatherton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"issue":"31","key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3310\/hta5310","article-title":"Design and use of questionnaires: a review of best practice applicable to surveys of health service staff and patients","volume":"5","author":"McColl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7347.1183","article-title":"Increasing response rates to postal questionnaires: systematic review","volume":"324","author":"Edwards","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7133.736","article-title":"Variations in population health status: results from a United Kingdom national questionnaire survey","volume":"316","author":"Kind","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/22.3.313","article-title":"Revision of a parent-completed development screening tool: Ages and Stages Questionnaires","volume":"22","author":"Squires","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib44","volume-title":"Ages and Stages Questionnaire: A Parent-Completed Child-Monitoring System","author":"Squires","year":"2009","edition":"3rd edn."},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib45","volume-title":"ASQ-3 User\u2019s Guide for the Ages and Stages Questionnaires","author":"Squires","year":"2009","edition":"3rd edn."},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib46","volume-title":"Disability and Perinatal Care: Measurement of Health Status at Two Years","author":"","year":"1995"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.86.1.15","article-title":"The Health Status Questionnaire: achieving concordance with published disability criteria","volume":"86","author":"Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib48","first-page":"239","article-title":"Pulmonary outcomes for the extremely preterm infant","volume":"78","author":"Marlow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00995.x","article-title":"Outcome criteria in smoking cessation trials: proposal for a common standard","volume":"100","author":"West","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib50","first-page":"CD000146","article-title":"Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation","volume":"3","author":"Silagy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1296","article-title":"Subgroup analysis, covariate adjustment and baseline comparisons in clinical trial reporting: current practice and problems","volume":"21","author":"Pocock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00059.x","article-title":"How should randomised trials including multiple pregnancies be analysed?","volume":"111","author":"Gates","year":"2004","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01946.x","article-title":"Analysis of binary outcomes with missing data: missing\u2009=\u2009smoking, last observation carried forward, and a little multiple imputation","volume":"102","author":"Hedeker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib54","volume-title":"Handling missing data in randomised trials","author":"","year":"2012"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-7-2","article-title":"Protocol for the Smoking, Nicotine and Pregnancy (SNAP) trial: double-blind, placebo-randomised, controlled trial of nicotine replacement therapy in pregnancy","volume":"7","author":"Coleman","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1109582","article-title":"A randomized trial of nicotine-replacement therapy patches in pregnancy","volume":"366","author":"Coleman","year":"2012","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3310\/hta6160","article-title":"The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation: a systematic review and economic evaluation","volume":"6","author":"Woolacott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031811-124553","article-title":"Economic evaluation of pharmaco- and behavioral therapies for smoking cessation: a critical and systematic review of empirical research","volume":"33","author":"Ruger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2007.00239.x","article-title":"Economic evaluations of smoking cessation and relapse prevention programs for pregnant women: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Ruger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2007.00240.x","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of motivational interviewing for smoking cessation and relapse prevention among low-income pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Ruger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib61","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Guide to the Methods of Technology Appraisal. 2008. URL: www.nice.org.uk\/media\/B52\/A7\/TAMethodsGuideUpdatedJune2008.pdf (accessed 8 August 2013)."},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib62","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Smoking Cessation Services: Costing Report Implementing NICE Guidance. 2008. URL: www.nice.org.uk\/nicemedia\/live\/11925\/39719\/39719.pdf (accessed 8 August 2013)."},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib63","volume-title":"Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2012","author":"Curtis","year":"2012"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib64","volume-title":"Prescription Cost Analysis England 2009","author":"","year":"2010"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib65","volume-title":"NHS Monthly Remuneration Statistics","author":"","year":"2013"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib66","volume-title":"NHS Terms and Conditions of Service Handbook: Pay Circulars (AforC) 1 and 2\/2013, Amendment Number 28","author":"","year":"2013"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib67","volume-title":"NHS Reference Costs 2009\u20132010: Appendix NSRC01: NHS Trust Reference Cost Schedules","author":"","year":"2011"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib68","volume-title":"Savings Realised by Different Types of Organisations Across the NHS Through the Use of the NHSmail SMS feature: GP Practice, Ayrshire","author":""},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib69","volume-title":"Hospital Episode Statistics, Admitted Patient Care \u2013 England, 2009\u201310","author":"","year":"2010"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8510(90)90421-9","article-title":"EuroQol \u2013 a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. The EuroQol Group","volume":"16","author":"","year":"1990","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2010.01216.x","article-title":"Nausea and vomiting in health-related quality of life among Chinese pregnant women","volume":"50","author":"Chan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2004.40097.x","article-title":"Changes in the health status of women during and after pregnancy","volume":"20","author":"Haas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X9001000308","article-title":"The CE plane: a graphic representation of cost-effectiveness","volume":"10","author":"Black","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1050(199603)5:2<141::AID-HEC189>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"The time trade-off method: results from a general population study","volume":"5","author":"Dolan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib75","unstructured":"Taylor M. Economic Analysis of Interventions for Smoking Cessation Aimed at Pregnant Women. NICE Guidance PH26. 2009. URL: http:\/\/guidance.nice.org.uk\/PH26 (accessed 31 March 2014)."},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(94)90159-7","article-title":"Individualized smoking cessation counseling during prenatal and early postnatal care","volume":"171","author":"Seckerwalker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00517.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires in identifying children with neurosensory disability in the Magpie Trial follow-up study","volume":"96","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200008103430601","article-title":"Neurologic and developmental disability after extremely preterm birth","volume":"343","author":"Wood","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntq215","article-title":"Adherence to and reasons for premature discontinuation from stop-smoking medications: data from the ITC Four-Country Survey","volume":"13","author":"Balmford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.078758","article-title":"Is nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation effective in the \u2018real world\u2019? Findings from a prospective multinational cohort study","volume":"62","author":"West","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.301.2.594","article-title":"Accelerated metabolism of nicotine and cotinine in pregnant smokers","volume":"301","author":"Dempsey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/5.1.13","article-title":"Measures of abstinence in clinical trials: issues and recommendations","volume":"5","author":"Hughes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S189","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200410001669169","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation during pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"Benowitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"key2014090111423963_ref1-bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70521-1","article-title":"Nicotine patch use in pregnant smokers: nicotine and cotinine levels and fetal effects","volume":"181","author":"Ogburn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["Health Technology Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/hta18540\/hta18540.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2001964","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/hta18540\/hta18540.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2002553","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T11:28:49Z","timestamp":1692098929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/hta\/hta18540\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"54","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3310\/hta18540"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/hta18540","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.718549017.793517480","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1366-5278","2046-4924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1366-5278","type":"print"},{"value":"2046-4924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made freely available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}