{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T23:50:30Z","timestamp":1784764230727,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","issue":"48","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/non-commercial-government-licence\/non-commercial-government-licence.htm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13\/06\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/06\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self-monitoring (self-testing and self-management) could be a valid option for oral anticoagulation therapy monitoring in the NHS, but current evidence on its clinical effectiveness or cost-effectiveness is limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\"><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of point-of-care coagulometers for the self-monitoring of coagulation status in people receiving long-term vitamin K antagonist therapy, compared with standard clinic monitoring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\"><jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title><jats:p>We searched major electronic databases (e.g. MEDLINE, MEDLINE In Process &amp; Other Non-Indexed Citations, EMBASE, Bioscience Information Service, Science Citation Index and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) from 2007 to May 2013. Reports published before 2007 were identified from the existing Cochrane review (major databases searched from inception to 2007). The economic model parameters were derived from the clinical effectiveness review, other relevant reviews, routine sources of cost data and clinical experts\u2019 advice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\"><jats:title>Review methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We assessed randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating self-monitoring in people with atrial fibrillation or heart valve disease requiring long-term anticoagulation therapy. CoaguChek<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>XS and S models (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland), INRatio2<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>PT\/INR monitor (Alere Inc., San Diego, CA USA), and ProTime Microcoagulation system<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>(International Technidyne Corporation, Nexus Dx, Edison, NJ, USA) coagulometers were compared with standard monitoring. Where possible, we combined data from included trials using standard inverse variance methods. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. A de novo economic model was developed to assess the cost-effectiveness over a 10-year period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified 26 RCTs (published in 45 papers) with a total of 8763 participants. CoaguChek was used in 85% of the trials. Primary analyses were based on data from 21 out of 26 trials. Only four trials were at low risk of bias. Major clinical events: self-monitoring was significantly better than standard monitoring in preventing thromboembolic events [relative risk (RR) 0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40 to 0.84;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004]. In people with artificial heart valves (AHVs), self-monitoring almost halved the risk of thromboembolic events (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.82;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003) and all-cause mortality (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.92;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02). There was greater reduction in thromboembolic events and all-cause mortality through self-management but not through self-testing. Intermediate outcomes: self-testing, but not self-management, showed a modest but significantly higher percentage of time in therapeutic range, compared with standard care (weighted mean difference 4.44, 95% CI 1.71 to 7.18;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02). Patient-reported outcomes: improvements in patients\u2019 quality of life related to self-monitoring were observed in six out of nine trials. High preference rates were reported for self-monitoring (77% to 98% in four trials). Net health and social care costs over 10 years were \u00a37295 (self-monitoring with INRatio2); \u00a37324 (standard care monitoring); \u00a37333 (self-monitoring with CoaguChek XS) and \u00a38609 (self-monitoring with ProTime). The estimated quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gain associated with self-monitoring was 0.03. Self-monitoring with INRatio2 or CoaguChek XS was found to have \u2248\u200980% chance of being cost-effective, compared with standard monitoring at a willingness-to-pay threshold of \u00a320,000 per QALY gained.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with standard monitoring, self-monitoring appears to be safe and effective, especially for people with AHVs. Self-monitoring, and in particular self-management, of anticoagulation status appeared cost-effective when pooled estimates of clinical effectiveness were applied. However, if self-monitoring does not result in significant reductions in thromboembolic events, it is unlikely to be cost-effective, based on a comparison of annual monitoring costs alone. Trials investigating the longer-term outcomes of self-management are needed, as well as direct comparisons of the various point-of-care coagulometers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\"><jats:title>Study registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42013004944.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\"><jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title><jats:p>The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/hta19480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]],"date-time":"2015-07-03T08:16:29Z","timestamp":1435911389000},"page":"1-172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of point-of-care tests (CoaguChek system, INRatio2 PT\/INR monitor and ProTime Microcoagulation system) for the self-monitoring of the coagulation status of people receiving long-term vitamin K antagonist therapy, compared with standard UK practice: systematic review and economic evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3310","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Pawana","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Scotland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"},{"name":"Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moira","family":"Cruickshank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Tassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Academic Primary Care, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Croal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig R","family":"Ramsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Brazzelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib1","unstructured":"National Insititute for Health and Care Excellence. Anticoagulation Therapy Service Commissioning Guide. 2010. URL: www.nice.org.uk\/usingguidance\/commissioningguides\/anticoagulationtherapyservice\/anticoagulationtherapyservice.jsp (accessed October 2013)."},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib2","first-page":"266","article-title":"Self-monitoring and self-management of anticoagulation therapy","volume":"84","author":"Cayley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.49.1.5","article-title":"Audit of anticoagulant therapy","volume":"49","author":"Rose","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2013.03.009","article-title":"Recent developments in understanding epidemiology and risk determinants of atrial fibrillation as a cause of stroke","volume":"29","author":"Ahmad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.18.2370","article-title":"Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study","volume":"285","author":"Go","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-13-59","article-title":"Oral anticoagulation and self-management: analysis of the factors that determine the feasibility of using self-testing and self-management in primary care","volume":"13","author":"Tamayo","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovas Disord"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq278","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the task force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"31","author":"","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12114","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation prevalence revisited","volume":"274","author":"Friberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2005.069492","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation, its treatment with anticoagulation and predictors of such treatment in UK primary care","volume":"92","author":"DeWilde","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2N","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)00583-9","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and predisposing conditions for atrial fibrillation: population-based estimates","volume":"82","author":"Kannel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)01401-9","article-title":"Prevalence of atrial fibrillation and eligibility for anticoagulants in the community","volume":"352","author":"Sudlow","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezt413","article-title":"Guideline for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation","volume":"44","author":"Dunning","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib13","unstructured":"British Heart Foundation. Heart Valve Disease. 2013 URL: www.bhf.org.uk\/heart-health\/conditions\/heart-valve-disease.aspx (accessed October 2013)."},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib14","unstructured":"Patient.co.uk. Aortic Stenosis. 2013. URL: www.patient.co.uk\/health\/aortic-stenosis (accessed October 2013)."},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib15","unstructured":"NHS Health and Social Care Information Centre. UK Heart Valve Registry. 2010. URL: http:\/\/docdat.ic.nhs.uk\/DatabaseList.aspx (accessed October 2013)."},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib16","unstructured":"NHS Choices. Aortic Valve Replacement. 2013. URL: www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/Aorticvalvereplacement\/Pages\/Whatisitpage.aspx (accessed October 2013)."},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2013.05.011","article-title":"Quality of life assessment in children commencing home INR self-testing","volume":"132","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2013.03.016","article-title":"Managing bleeding in anticoagulated patients in the emergency care setting","volume":"45","author":"Pollack","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib19","first-page":"651","article-title":"ACC\/AHA\/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"8","author":"Fuster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e531S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2304","article-title":"Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th edn. American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines","volume":"141","author":"You","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"38","key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta11380","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different models of managing long-term oral anticoagulation therapy: a systematic review and economic modelling","volume":"11","author":"Connock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib22","unstructured":"British Heart Foundation. Atrial Fibrillation. 2013. URL: www.bhf.org.uk\/heart-health\/conditions\/atrial-fibrillation.aspx (accessed October 2013)."},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib23","unstructured":"NHS Improvement. Atrial fibrillation. NHS Stroke Improvement Programme; 2013. URL: www.improvement.nhs.uk\/heart\/HeartImprovementHome\/AtrialFibrillation\/tabid\/128\/Default.aspx (accessed October 2013)."},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib24","volume-title":"Atrial Fibrillation","author":"","year":"2006"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib25","unstructured":"Health Improvement Scotland. SIGN 129 Antithrombotics: Indications and Management. 2012. URL: www.sign.ac.uk\/pdf\/SIGN129.pdf (accessed October 2013)."},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib26","first-page":"230","article-title":"Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease: the task force on the management of valvular heart disease of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"28","author":"Vahanian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib27","volume-title":"Systematic Reviews: CRD\u2019s Guidance for Undertaking Systematic Reviews in Health Care","author":"","year":"2009"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib28","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0","author":"Higgins","year":"2011"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib29","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE Diagnostic Assessment Programme Manual. 2011. URL: www.nice.org.uk\/media\/A0B\/97\/DAPManualFINAL.pdf (accessed October 2013)."},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"62","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD003839","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003839.pub2","article-title":"Self-monitoring and self-management of oral anticoagulation","volume":"4","author":"Garcia-Alamino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib32","volume-title":"Point-of-Care Monitoring Devices for Long-Term Oral Anticoagulation Therapy: Clinical and Cost-Effectiveness","author":"Brown","year":"2007"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.57598\/R117C","volume-title":"Use of Point-of-Care Devices in Patients with Oral Anticoagulation: A Health Technology Assessment","author":"Gailly","year":"2009"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1160\/TH08-09-0601","article-title":"International normalised ratio (INR) measured on the CoaguChek S and XS compared with the laboratory for determination of precision and accuracy","volume":"101","author":"Christensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thromb Haemostast"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2011.04568.x","article-title":"Precision and accuracy of point-of-care testing coagulometers used for self-testing and self-management of oral anticoagulation therapy","volume":"10","author":"Christensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemostas"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2008.10.006","article-title":"Accuracy and clinical usefulness of the CoaguChek S and XS Point of Care devices when starting warfarin in a hospital outreach setting","volume":"123","author":"Sobieraj-Teague","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib37","volume-title":"CoaguChek\u00ae XS System (Patient Self-Testing): Substantial Equivalence Determination Decision Summary 510(k)062925","author":"","year":"2007"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib38","volume-title":"Alere INRatio\u00ae2 PT\/INR Home Monitoring System: Substantial Equivalence Determination Decision Summary 510(k)110212","author":"","year":"2012"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib39","volume-title":"ProTime Microcoagulation System: Substantial Equivalence Determination Decision Summary 510(k)010599","author":"","year":"2001"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib40","volume-title":"Patient Self-Testing Using the Roche Coaguchek S","author":"","year":"2004"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib41","volume-title":"Point-of-Care Testing: A Review of Systematic Reviews on Testing Accuracy and Cost-Effectiveness","author":"","year":"2012"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2003.11.008","article-title":"Guidelines for implementation of patient self-testing and patient self-management of oral anticoagulation. International consensus guidelines prepared by International Self-Monitoring Association for Oral Anticoagulation","volume":"99","author":"Ansell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1160\/TH07-10-0634","article-title":"Accuracy of the CoaguChek XS for point-of-care international normalized ratio (INR) measurement in children requiring warfarin","volume":"99","author":"Bauman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thromb Haemostas"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2006.037820","article-title":"Accuracy and clinical utility of the CoaguChek XS portable international normalised ratio monitor in a pilot study of warfarin home-monitoring","volume":"60","author":"Bereznicki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.05300.x","article-title":"Patient self-testing is a reliable and acceptable alternative to laboratory INR monitoring","volume":"128","author":"Gardiner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1A310","article-title":"Accuracy and precision of the CoaguChek S versus laboratory INRs in a clinic","volume":"36","author":"Havrda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2006.04.003","article-title":"INR comparison between the CoaguChek S and a standard laboratory method among patients with self-management of oral anticoagulation","volume":"119","author":"Hentrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1854.2004.00585.x","article-title":"Accuracy and clinical usefulness of the near-patient testing CoaguChek S international normalised ratio monitor in rural medical practice","volume":"12","author":"Jackson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust J Rural Health"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib49","first-page":"825","article-title":"External quality assessment of CoaguChek point-of-care testing prothrombin time\/international ratio monitors","volume":"129","author":"Kitchen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib50","first-page":"247","article-title":"Accuracy of CoaguChek XS for point-of-care antithrombotic monitoring in children with heart disease","volume":"40","author":"Moon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1160\/TH06-03-0181","article-title":"Performance evaluation of the new CoaguChek XS system compared with the established CoaguChek system by patients experienced in INR-self management","volume":"97","author":"Braun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thromb Haemostas"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1159\/000243726","article-title":"Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation therapy in children","volume":"122","author":"Paioni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1080\/00313020701684797","article-title":"Acceptability of CoaguChek S and CoaguChek XS generated international normalised ratios against a laboratory standard in a paediatric setting","volume":"39","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V110.11.973.973","article-title":"The reliability of point-of-care (POC) prothrombin time testing: a comparison of CoaguChek XS(R) INR measurements with hospital laboratory monitoring","volume":"110","author":"Ryan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2010.05.024","article-title":"EMPoWarMENT: Edmonton pediatric warfarin self-management pilot study in children with primarily cardiac disease","volume":"126","author":"Bauman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2005.05899.x","article-title":"A randomised control trial of patient self-management of oral anticoagulation compared with patient self-testing","volume":"132","author":"Gardiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-007-0070-4","article-title":"A randomized trial comparing INR monitoring devices in patients with anticoagulation self-management: evaluation of a novel error-grid approach","volume":"26","author":"Hemkens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-9560-10-17","article-title":"Effects of computer-assisted oral anticoagulant therapy","volume":"10","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thrombosis J"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib59","first-page":"230","article-title":"Improvement of prognosis by home prothrombin estimation In patients with life-long anticoagulant therapy","volume":"17","author":"Horstkotte","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-005-0199-0","article-title":"Self-management of oral anticoagulation in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (SMAAF study)","volume":"94","author":"V\u00f6ller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Kardiologie"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00006","article-title":"Comparing self-management of oral anticoagulant therapy with clinic management: a randomized trial","volume":"142","author":"Men\u00e9ndez-J\u00e1ndula","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03497.x","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of supervised patient self-testing of warfarin therapy using an internet-based expert system","volume":"7","author":"Ryan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1160\/TH08-06-0361","article-title":"Self-management of oral anticoagulation reduces major outcomes in the elderly. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"100","author":"Siebenhofer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38618.580903.AE","article-title":"Self management of oral anticoagulation: randomised trial","volume":"331","author":"Fitzmaurice","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib65","first-page":"1117","article-title":"A randomized trial of patient self-managed versus physician-managed oral anticoagulation","volume":"20","author":"Sunderji","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib66","first-page":"B4284","article-title":"Self-management of oral anticoagulation therapy \u2013 methodological and clinical aspects","volume":"58","author":"Christensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dan Med Bull"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.55.11.845","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of patient self management of oral anticoagulation treatment compared with primary care management","volume":"55","author":"Fitzmaurice","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.21.2639","article-title":"Comparison of the quality of oral anticoagulant therapy through patient self-management and management by specialized anticoagulation clinics in the Netherlands: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"163","author":"Gadisseur","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.05074.x","article-title":"The value of education and self-monitoring in the management of warfarin therapy in older patients with unstable control of anticoagulation","volume":"126","author":"Khan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"VI\/118","DOI":"10.1007\/s003920170019","article-title":"INR self-management after mechanical heart valve replacement: ESCAT (Early Self-Controlled Anticoagulation Trial)","volume":"90","author":"K\u00f6rtke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Z Kardiol"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1002617","article-title":"Effect of home testing of international normalized ratio on clinical events","volume":"363","author":"Matchar","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.2.145","article-title":"A structured teaching and self-management program for patients receiving oral anticoagulation: a randomized controlled trial. Working Group for the Study of Patient Self-Management of Oral Anticoagulation","volume":"281","author":"Sawicki","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)03049-1","article-title":"Self-managed anticoagulation: results from a two-year prospective randomized trial with heart valve patients","volume":"72","author":"Sidhu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.2012.01116","article-title":"Impact of a pharmacist-led warfarin self-management program on quality of life and anticoagulation control: a randomized trial","volume":"32","author":"Verret","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2005.11.021","article-title":"Self-management versus conventional management of oral anticoagulant therapy: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Christensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02470-3","article-title":"Oral anticoagulation self-management and management by a specialist anticoagulation clinic: a randomised cross-over comparison","volume":"356","author":"Cromheecke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib77","first-page":"518","article-title":"Results of the first randomised French study evaluating self-testing of the International Normalized Ratio","volume":"20","author":"Azarnoush","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Heart Valve Dis"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2007.08.071","article-title":"International normalized ratio self-management lowers the risk of thromboembolic events after prosthetic heart valve replacement","volume":"85","author":"Eitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2008.10.020","article-title":"Self-management program improves anticoagulation control and quality of life: a prospective randomized study","volume":"35","author":"Soliman Hamad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2004.00659.x","article-title":"Patient self-management of oral anticoagulant care vs. management by specialized anticoagulation clinics: positive effects on quality of life","volume":"2","author":"Gadisseur","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Thrombo Haemostas"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1160\/TH06-08-0482","article-title":"Self-management of oral anticoagulation in the elderly: rationale, design, baselines and oral anticoagulation control after one year of follow-up. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"97","author":"Siebenhofer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-996432","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of self-managed anticoagulant therapy in Germany","volume":"25","author":"Taborski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemost"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2000.01239.x","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of different management strategies for patients on chronic warfarin therapy","volume":"15","author":"Lafata","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Q65","DOI":"10.1016\/S1520-765X(01)90046-X","article-title":"Economic analysis of bleeding and thromboembolic sequelae after heart valve replacement (GELIA 7)","volume":"3","author":"Muller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Suppl"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib85","volume-title":"Portable Coagulometers: Revision of the Scientific Evidence and Economic Assessment of Their Use in Self-Control of Oral Anticoagulant Treatment","author":"Sola-Morales","year":"2003"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.051104","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of self-managed versus physician-managed oral anticoagulation therapy","volume":"174","author":"Regier","year":"2006","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2006.06243.x","article-title":"Patient self-management of anticoagulation therapy: a trial-based cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"134","author":"Jowett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib88","volume-title":"Point-of-Care International Normalized Ratio (INR) Monitoring Devices for Patients on Long-term Oral Anticoagulation Therapy","author":"","year":"2009"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib89","first-page":"411","article-title":"German experience with low intensity anticoagulation (GELIA): protocol of a multi-centre randomzsed, prospective study with the St. Jude Medical valve","volume":"2","author":"Horstkotte","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Heart Valve Dis"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2011.08.146","article-title":"Patient self-testing of oral anticoagulation therapy by CoaguChek\u00ae XS system. Rapid health technology assessment in Slovak health care environment","volume":"14","author":"Visnansky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2011.08.765","article-title":"PCV44 Cost-utility associated with different monitoring strategies among patients receiving long-term oral anticoagulation therapy in Austria","volume":"14","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib92","volume-title":"Rivaroxaban for the Prevention of Stroke and Systemic Embolism in People with Atrial Fibrillation","author":"","year":"2012"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib93","volume-title":"Dabigatran Etexilate for the Prevention of Stroke and Systemic Embolism in Atrial Fibrillation","author":"","year":"2012"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib94","volume-title":"NHS Reference Costs 2011\u201312","author":"","year":"2012"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib95","volume-title":"Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2012","author":"Curtis","year":"2012"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib96","volume-title":"Single Technology Appraisal (STA) of Rivaroxaban (Xarelto\u00ae)","author":"Bayer","year":"2011"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib97","volume-title":"Rivaroxaban for the Prevention of Stroke and Systemic Embolism in People with Atrial Fibrillation","author":"Edwards","year":"2011"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2009.11.025","article-title":"Rivaroxaban-Once daily, oral, direct factor Xa inhibition Compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention of stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation: rationale and design of the ROCKET AF study","volume":"159","author":"","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61194-4","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dabigatran compared with warfarin at different levels of international normalised ratio control for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: an analysis of the RE-LY trial","volume":"376","author":"Wallentin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.142158","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with warfarin at different levels of predicted international normalized ratio control for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation","volume":"127","author":"Wallentin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0905561","article-title":"Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"361","author":"Connolly","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001768","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001768","article-title":"Representativeness of the dabigatran, apixaban and rivaroxaban clinical trial populations to real-world atrial fibrillation patients in the United Kingdom: a cross-sectional analysis using the General Practice Research Database","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1160\/TH11-05-0353","article-title":"Risks of stroke and mortality associated with suboptimal anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation patients","volume":"106","author":"Gallagher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022913","article-title":"Effect of intensity of oral anticoagulation on stroke severity and mortality in atrial fibrillation","volume":"349","author":"Hylek","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib105","volume-title":"Atrial Fibrillation \u2013 Dabigatran Etexilate: Boehringer Ingelheim Submission","author":"","year":"2011"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.8.1049","article-title":"A risk score for predicting stroke or death in individuals with new-onset atrial fibrillation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"290","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"40","key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta9400","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial and cost-effectiveness study of systematic screening (targeted and total population screening) versus routine practice for the detection of atrial fibrillation in people aged 65 and over. The SAFE study","volume":"9","author":"Hobbs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61294-4","article-title":"Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data","volume":"379","author":"Heneghan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2003.12.058","article-title":"Late incidence and determinants of stroke after aortic and mitral valve replacement","volume":"78","author":"Ruel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8191.2007.00504.x","article-title":"Mechanical heart valves in septuagenarians","volume":"23","author":"Ascione","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Card Surg"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8510(02)00055-6","article-title":"A model for costs of stroke services","volume":"63","author":"Sundberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1161\/hs0901.094253","article-title":"Long-term survival and causes of death after stroke","volume":"32","author":"Bronnum-Hansen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm308","article-title":"Increased mortality in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: report from the Stockholm Cohort-Study of Atrial Fibrillation (SCAF)","volume":"28","author":"Friberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00584-7","article-title":"Observed and relative survival after aortic valve replacement","volume":"35","author":"Kvidal","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39456.688333.BE","article-title":"Impact of functional status at six months on long term survival in patients with ischaemic stroke: prospective cohort studies","volume":"336","author":"Slot","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib116","volume-title":"Deaths Registered in England and Wales, 2011","author":"","year":"2012"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib117","volume-title":"Interim Life Tables, England and Wales, 2009\u20132011","author":"","year":"2013"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib118","volume-title":"Dabigatran Etexilate for the Prevention of Stroke and Systemic Embolism in Atrial Fibrillation: Evidence Review Group Report","author":"Spackman","year":"2011"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib119","volume-title":"TA249 Atrial Fibrillation \u2013 Dabigatran Etexilate: Costing Template","author":"","year":"2012"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198529446.001.0001","volume-title":"Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes","author":"Drummond","year":"2005","edition":"3rd edn."},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2004.042465","article-title":"Evaluation of the pattern of treatment, level of anticoagulation control, and outcome of treatment with warfarin in patients with non-valvar atrial fibrillation: a record linkage study in a large British population","volume":"91","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib122","volume-title":"Point of Care Coagulometers for Monitoring Oral Anticoagulation: Buyers\u2019 Guide","author":"","year":"2008"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7437.437","article-title":"Training for patients in a randomised controlled trial of self management of warfarin treatment","volume":"328","author":"Murray","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afn281","article-title":"Cost of stroke in the United Kingdom","volume":"38","author":"Saka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"30","key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta10300","article-title":"Accurate, practical and cost-effective assessment of carotid stenosis in the UK","volume":"10","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib126","volume-title":"Venous Thromboembolism \u2013 Reducing the Risk","author":"","year":"2010"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1999.00531.x","article-title":"Quality of life after cerebrovascular stroke: a systematic study of patients\u2019 preferences for different functional outcomes","volume":"246","author":"Hallan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.69.4.487","article-title":"Are the modified \u2018simple questions\u2019 a valid and reliable measure of health related quality of life after stroke? United Kingdom Collaborators in the International Stroke Trial","volume":"69","author":"Dorman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)04011-7","article-title":"The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke","volume":"349","author":"","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib130","volume-title":"UK Population Norms for EQ-5D","author":"Kind","year":"1999"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1258\/1355819011927288","article-title":"How patients with atrial fibrillation value different health outcomes: a standard gamble study","volume":"6","author":"Robinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Health Serv Res Policy"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200624100-00009","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of anticoagulation management services for patients with atrial fibrillation and at high risk of stroke in the US","volume":"24","author":"Sullivan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198526629.001.0001","volume-title":"Decision Modelling for Health Economic Evaluation","author":"Briggs","year":"2006"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.11.2320","article-title":"Long-term prognosis of cerebral ischemia in young adults. National Research Council Study Group on stroke in the young","volume":"30","author":"Marini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib135","first-page":"E131","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of point-of-care monitoring devices in patients on oral anticoagulant therapy: a meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Wells","year":"2007","journal-title":"Open Medicine"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-154-7-201104050-00005","article-title":"Meta-analysis: effect of patient self-testing and self-management of long-term anticoagulation on major clinical outcomes","volume":"154","author":"Bloomfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68139-7","article-title":"Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"367","author":"Heneghan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2006.06.018","article-title":"Self-management of oral anticoagulant therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"Christensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.5.1155","article-title":"Effect of study setting on anticoagulation control: a systematic review and metaregression","volume":"129","author":"van","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2008.10.007","article-title":"Comparison of INR stability between self-monitoring and standard laboratory method: preliminary results of a prospective study in 67 mechanical heart valve patients","volume":"101","author":"Dauphin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.2217\/17455111.2.5.651","article-title":"Point-of-care INR measurement in children requiring warfarin: what has been evaluated and future directions","volume":"2","author":"Bauman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Health"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2165\/00129784-200707030-00005","article-title":"Self- versus conventional management of oral anticoagulant therapy: effects on INR variability and coumarin dose in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Christensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Cardiovasc Drug"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-005-0937-1","article-title":"The bad oeynhausen concept of INR self-management","volume":"19","author":"Koertke","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.15.2343","article-title":"Oral anticoagulation management in primary care with the use of computerized decision support and near-patient testing: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"160","author":"Fitzmaurice","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-4-11","article-title":"SMART: Self-Management of Anticoagulation, a Randomised Trial [ISRCTN19313375]","volume":"4","author":"McCahon","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013228718768","article-title":"Optimal frequency of patient monitoring and intensity of oral anticoagulation therapy in valvular heart disease","volume":"5","author":"Horstkotte","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018712520472","article-title":"INR self-management following mechanical heart valve replacement","volume":"9","author":"Koertke","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2006.08.036","article-title":"Self-management of oral anticoagulation therapy improves long-term survival in patients with mechanical heart valve replacement","volume":"83","author":"Koertke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)02656-X","article-title":"International normalized ratio self-management after mechanical heart valve replacement: is an early start advantageous?","volume":"72","author":"K\u00f6rtke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-005-1452-0","article-title":"The impact of patient self-testing of prothrombin time for managing anticoagulation: rationale and design of VA cooperative study #481 \u2013 The Home INR Study (THINRS)","volume":"19","author":"Matchar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib151","first-page":"A10606","article-title":"More frequent self-testing of prothrombin time results in improved time in target range","volume":"126","author":"Matchar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2010.08.001","article-title":"The \u2018carry-over\u2019 effects of patient self-testing: positive effects on usual care management by an anticoagulation management service","volume":"126","author":"Ryan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib153","first-page":"59","article-title":"Long-term results of patients\u2019 self-management of oral anticoagulation","volume":"6","author":"Sawicki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Basic Cardiol"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.19.9.787.31546","article-title":"Outpatient self-management of warfarin therapy: a pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Sunderji","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"key20150701075515674_ref1-bib155","first-page":"284","article-title":"Background and evaluation plan of a study on self-management of anticoagulation in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (SMAAF Study)","volume":"89","author":"Voller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Z Kardiol"}],"container-title":["Health Technology Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/hta19480\/hta19480.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2002248","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/hta19480\/hta19480.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2002734","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:26:05Z","timestamp":1748478365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/hta\/hta19480\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"references-count":155,"journal-issue":{"issue":"48","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3310\/hta19480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/hta19480","relation":{},"ISSN":["1366-5278","2046-4924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1366-5278","type":"print"},{"value":"2046-4924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made freely available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}