{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T06:33:48Z","timestamp":1775802828565,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","issue":"68","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/non-commercial-government-licence\/non-commercial-government-licence.htm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09\/167\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09\/167\/02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cleft lip and palate are among the most common congenital malformations, with an incidence of around 1 in 700. Cleft palate (CP) results in impaired Eustachian tube function, and 90% of children with CP have otitis media with effusion (OME) histories. There are several approaches to management, including watchful waiting, the provision of hearing aids (HAs) and the insertion of ventilation tubes (VTs). However, the evidence underpinning these strategies is unclear and there is a need to determine which treatment is the most appropriate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\"><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify the optimum study design, increase understanding of the impact of OME, determine the value of future research and develop a core outcome set (COS) for use in future studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>The management of Otitis Media with Effusion in children with cleft palate (mOMEnt) study had four key components: (i) a survey evaluation of current clinical practice in each cleft centre; (ii) economic modelling and value of information (VOI) analysis to determine if the extent of existing decision uncertainty justifies the cost of further research; (iii) qualitative research to capture patient and parent opinion regarding willingness to participate in a trial and important outcomes; and (iv) the development of a COS for use in future effectiveness trials of OME in children with CP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>The survey was carried out by e-mail with cleft centres. The qualitative research interviews took place in patients\u2019 homes. The COS was developed with health professionals and parents using a web-based Delphi exercise and a consensus meeting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\"><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinicians working in the UK cleft centres, and parents and patients affected by CP and identified through two cleft clinics in the UK, or through the Cleft Lip and Palate Association.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clinician survey revealed that care was predominantly delivered via a \u2018hub-and-spoke\u2019 model; there was some uncertainty about treatment strategies; it is not current practice to insert VTs at the time of palate repair; centres were in a position to take part in a future study; and the response rate to the survey was not good, representing a potential concern about future co-operation. A COS reflecting the opinions of clinicians and parents was developed, which included nine core outcomes important to both health-care professionals and parents. The qualitative research suggested that a trial would have a 25% recruitment rate, and although hearing was a key outcome, this was likely to be due to its psychosocial consequences. The VOI analysis suggested that the current uncertainty justified the costs of future research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There exists significant uncertainty regarding the best management strategy for persistent OME in children with clefts, reflecting a lack of high-quality evidence regarding the effectiveness of individual treatments. It is feasible, cost-effective and of significance to clinicians and parents to undertake a trial examining the effectiveness of VTs and HAs for children with CP. However, in view of concerns about recruitment rate and engagement with the clinicians, we recommend that a trial with an internal pilot is considered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\"><jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title><jats:p>The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme. This study was part-funded by the Healing Foundation supported by the Vocational Training Charitable Trust who funded trial staff including the study co-ordinator, information systems developer, study statistician, administrator and supervisory staff.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/hta19680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]],"date-time":"2015-09-02T08:25:12Z","timestamp":1441182312000},"page":"1-374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["The management of Otitis Media with Effusion in children with cleft palate (mOMEnt): a feasibility study and economic evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3310","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Iain","family":"Bruce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Manchester Children\u2019s Hospital, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Harman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Healing Foundation Cleft and Craniofacial Clinical Research Centre, School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Healing Foundation Cleft and Craniofacial Clinical Research Centre, School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Tierney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Callery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed","family":"Mohiuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Health Economics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Health Economics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Fenwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICON Health Economics, ICON plc, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Kirkham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Healing Foundation Cleft and Craniofacial Clinical Research Centre, School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1597\/07-219.1","article-title":"The management of otitis media with early routine insertion of grommets in children with cleft palate \u2013 a systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Ponduri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2009.07.015","article-title":"The high prevalence of otitis media with effusion in children with cleft lip and palate as compared to children without clefts","volume":"73","author":"Flynn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199311000-00010","article-title":"Eustachian tube dysfunction and its sequelae in patients with cleft palate","volume":"86","author":"Goldman","year":"1993","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(02)00206-9","article-title":"Use of hearing aids in the management of children with cleft palate","volume":"66","author":"Maheshwar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib5","first-page":"223","article-title":"Ventilation tubes in secretory otitis media associated with cleft palate: a retrospective analysis","volume":"37","author":"Civelek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2012.669497","article-title":"Hearing and otitis media with effusion in young adults with cleft lip and palate","volume":"132","author":"Flynn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1258\/0022215011907668","article-title":"Tympanometric findings in cleft palate patients: influence of age and cleft type","volume":"115","author":"Handzic-Cuk","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1975.00780390019005","article-title":"Long-term otologic features of cleft palate patients","volume":"101","author":"Moller","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib9","first-page":"171","article-title":"Cleft palate and otitis media with effusion: a review","volume":"124","author":"Sheahan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord)"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-14-70","article-title":"MOMENT \u2013 management of otitis media with effusion in cleft palate: protocol for a systematic review of the literature and identification of a core outcome set using a Delphi survey","volume":"14","author":"Harman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib11","volume-title":"Surgical Management of Otitis Media With Effusion in Children","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)","year":"2008"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7351.1448","article-title":"Randomised trials in surgery: problems and possible solutions","volume":"324","author":"McCulloch","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2011.01244.x","article-title":"Parents\u2019 experiences of caring for a child with a cleft lip and\/or palate: a review of the literature","volume":"38","author":"Nelson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1597\/12-054","article-title":"The perspectives of children and young people living with cleft lip and palate: a review of qualitative literature","volume":"50","author":"Sharif","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"issue":"16","key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3310\/hta2160","article-title":"Qualitative research in health technology assessment: a review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Murphy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib16","volume-title":"Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers","author":"Spencer","year":"2003"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib17","volume-title":"Surgical Management of Otitis Media with Effusion in Children","author":"National Collaborating Centre for Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health","year":"2008"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib18","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Qualitative Research Practice","author":"Ritchie","year":"2003"},{"issue":"15","key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta15150","article-title":"Processes in recruitment to randomised controlled trials of medicines for children (RECRUIT): a qualitative study","volume":"15","author":"Shilling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732304273862","article-title":"Interviewing young children: explicating our practices and dilemmas","volume":"15","author":"Irwin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib21","first-page":"136","volume-title":"Research with Children: Perspectives and Practices","author":"O\u2019Kane","year":"2000"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1177\/1468794105056921","article-title":"Multiple methods in qualitative research with children: more insight or just more?","volume":"5","author":"Darbyshire","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual Res"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2206.1997.00056.x","article-title":"Participatory research with children","volume":"2","author":"Hill","year":"1997","journal-title":"Child Fam Soc Work"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib24","volume-title":"Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers","author":"Ritchie","year":"2003"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib25","first-page":"72","article-title":"Framework analysis: a qualitative methodology for applied policy research","volume":"4","author":"Srivastava","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Admin Govern"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.12127","article-title":"Using framework analysis in nursing research: a worked example","volume":"69","author":"Ward","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1348\/014466599162782","article-title":"Evolving guidelines for publication of qualitative research studies in psychology and related fields","volume":"38","author":"Elliott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1054\/cein.2000.0106","article-title":"Rigour, reliability and validity in qualitative research .\u2009.\u2009. including commentary by Burnard P with author response","volume":"4","author":"Long","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Eff Nurs"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.22.4.227","article-title":"Offering patients entry in clinical trials: preliminary study of the views of prospective participants","volume":"22","author":"Corbett","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-7-9","article-title":"What influences recruitment to randomised controlled trials? A review of trials funded by two UK funding agencies","volume":"7","author":"McDonald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib31","volume-title":"Clinical Trials for Tomorrow","author":"Medical Research Council","year":"2003"},{"issue":"15","key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3310\/hta2150","article-title":"Ethical issues in the design and conduct of randomised controlled trials","volume":"2","author":"Edwards","year":"1998","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00197-6","article-title":"\u2018Why don\u2019t they just tell me straight, why allocate it?\u2019 The struggle to make sense of participating in a randomised controlled trial","volume":"55","author":"Featherstone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1995.13.5.1062","article-title":"Perceptions of cancer patients and their physicians involved in phase I trials","volume":"13","author":"Daugherty","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6939-10-1","article-title":"How do parents experience being asked to enter a child in a randomised controlled trial?","volume":"10","author":"Shilling","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.1.e6","article-title":"Determinants of parental authorization for involvement of newborn infants in clinical trials","volume":"99","author":"Zupancic","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-7-12","article-title":"What motivates British parents to consent for research? A questionnaire study","volume":"7","author":"Sammons","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3109\/13682820109177936","article-title":"Who\u2019s afraid of the randomised controlled trial? Parents\u2019 views of an SLT research study","volume":"36","author":"Glogowska","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2307\/3528467","article-title":"Trust, the fragile foundation of contemporary biomedical research","volume":"26","author":"Kass","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e849","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2208","article-title":"Improving informed consent: suggestions from parents of children with leukemia","volume":"119","author":"Eder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.73.1.30","article-title":"Recruiting patients to clinical trials: lessons from studies of growth hormone treatment in renal failure","volume":"73","author":"Postlethwaite","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.16.10.2","article-title":"Considerations for cochlear implantation of children with sudden, fluctuating hearing loss","volume":"16","author":"Sweetow","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1293.1999.00005.x","article-title":"Parents\u2019 attitudes to their HIV-infected children being enrolled into a placebo-controlled trial: the PENTA 1 trial","volume":"1","author":"Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS","year":"1999","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7210608","article-title":"Parents\u2019 perceptions of research with newborns","volume":"22","author":"Singhal","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib45","volume-title":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090129","article-title":"Patient-driven outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"82","author":"Wells","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rheumatol Suppl"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020600977770","article-title":"Parents\u2019 perspectives on the impact of the early diagnosis of childhood hearing loss","volume":"46","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050096","article-title":"A systematic review of studies that aim to determine which outcomes to measure in clinical trials in children","volume":"5","author":"Sinha","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-8-39","article-title":"Standardising outcomes for clinical trials and systematic reviews","volume":"8","author":"Clarke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-8-17","article-title":"Outcome measurement in clinical trials for ulcerative colitis: towards standardisation","volume":"8","author":"Cooney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38356.424606.8F","article-title":"Identifying outcome reporting bias in randomised trials on PubMed: review of publications and survey of authors","volume":"330","author":"Chan","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-8-38","article-title":"OMERACT: an international initiative to improve outcome measurement in rheumatology","volume":"8","author":"Tugwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.02404.x","article-title":"A proposal for case definitions and outcome measures in studies of infantile spasms and West syndrome: consensus statement of the West Delphi group","volume":"45","author":"Lux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg403","article-title":"Preliminary core sets of measures for disease activity and damage assessment in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus and juvenile dermatomyositis","volume":"42","author":"Ruperto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e318180a4e0","article-title":"Newborn hearing screening in infants with cleft palates","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD004163","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd004163.pub2","article-title":"Identification of children in the first four years of life for early treatment for otitis media with effusion","volume":"1","author":"Simpson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD001935","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd001935.pub2","article-title":"Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children","volume":"3","author":"Thomas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD007810","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd007810.pub2","article-title":"Adenoidectomy for otitis media in children","volume":"1","author":"van den Aardweg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD003423","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd003423.pub2","article-title":"Antihistamines and\/or decongestants for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children","volume":"4","author":"Griffin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD001801","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd001801.pub3","article-title":"Grommets (ventilation tubes) for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children","volume":"10","author":"Browning","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD006285","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd006285","article-title":"Autoinflation for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion","volume":"4","author":"Perera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488209108504","article-title":"Seletive use of ventilating tubes in the treatment of secretory otitis media and retractions of the ear drum","volume":"93","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib63","first-page":"56","article-title":"Retrospective study of hearing impairment in 3 groups of cleft-palate patients","volume":"16","author":"Potsic","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.53.1.48","article-title":"Early treatment of the universal otitis media of infants with cleft palate","volume":"53","author":"Paradise","year":"1974","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488109133291","article-title":"Hearing, middle-ear pressure and otopathology in a cleft-palate population","volume":"92","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989411100406","article-title":"Recovery of eustachian tube function and hearing outcome in patients with cleft palate","volume":"111","author":"Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib67","first-page":"149","article-title":"Middle-ear findings in young cleft lip and palate children. Comparison of two treatment clinics","volume":"15","author":"Hormann","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dtsche Z Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569(1996)033<0127:COTHHO>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Comparison of the hearing histories of children with and without cleft palate","volume":"33","author":"Broen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198509000-00004","article-title":"Velar closure and ear tubings as a primary procedure in the repair of cleft palates","volume":"95","author":"Frable","year":"1985","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2273.2002.00607.x","article-title":"Sequelae of otitis media with effusion among children with cleft lip and\/or cleft palate","volume":"27","author":"Sheahan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198506133122401","article-title":"Consequences of unremitting middle-ear disease in early life. Otologic, audiologic, and developmental findings in children with cleft palate","volume":"312","author":"Hubbard","year":"1985","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5876(88)90066-3","article-title":"Late ear sequelae in cleft-palate patients","volume":"15","author":"Gordon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100120894","article-title":"A conservative approach to the management of otitis-media with effusion in cleft-palate children","volume":"106","author":"Robson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100157913","article-title":"Parental perceptions of grommet insertion in children with cleft palate","volume":"113","author":"Greig","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-5182(03)00074-X","article-title":"Conservative management of otitis media in cleft palate","volume":"31","author":"Shaw","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1226(81)80081-1","article-title":"Middle-ear disease in the cleft-palate infant \u2013 its effect on speech and language-development","volume":"34","author":"Freeland","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib77","first-page":"28","article-title":"Effects of tympanotomy and pressure equilibrium tube insertion during palatoplasty on prognoses of otitis media with effusion","volume":"21","author":"Zheng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib78","first-page":"216","article-title":"Effect of ventilation tube insertion on otitis media with effusion in cleft palate children","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zhonghua er bi yan hou ke za zhi"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib79","first-page":"1866","article-title":"Outcome of myringotomy with ventilation tube for otitis media with effusion in Thai children: Ramathibodi experiences","volume":"90","author":"Tanpowpong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2008.10.026","article-title":"Middle ear disease in children with cleft palate: protocols for management","volume":"73","author":"Phua","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1597\/08-166.1","article-title":"Repaired cleft palate and ventilation tubes and their associations with cholesteatoma in children and adults","volume":"46","author":"Reiter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2010.04.016","article-title":"Treatment of persistent middle ear effusion in cleft palate patients","volume":"74","author":"Szabo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2008.01670.x","article-title":"The long-term effect of unilateral t-tube insertion in patients undergoing cleft palate repair: 20-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Hornigold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2007.02.003","article-title":"The effect of early insertion of grommets on the development of speech in children with cleft palates","volume":"45","author":"Merrick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2009.106","article-title":"Otorrhea in infants with tympanostomy tubes before and after surgical repair of a cleft palate","volume":"135","author":"Curtin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.6.1071","article-title":"Systemic steroid for chronic otitis media with effusion in children","volume":"110","author":"Mandel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2009.09.007","article-title":"Adenoidectomy for otitis media with effusion in 2\u20133-year-old children","volume":"73","author":"Casselbrant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.37972.678345.0D","article-title":"Adenoidectomy versus chemoprophylaxis and placebo for recurrent acute otitis media in children aged under 2 years: randomised controlled trial","volume":"328","author":"Koivunen","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.129.2.163","article-title":"Prevention of otitis media by adenoidectomy in children younger than 2 years","volume":"129","author":"Mattila","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03440150074029","article-title":"Efficacy of adenoidectomy for recurrent otitis-media in children previously treated with tympanostomy-tube placement \u2013 results of parallel randomized and nonrandomized trials","volume":"263","author":"Paradise","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.10.945","article-title":"Adenoidectomy and adenotonsillectomy for recurrent acute otitis media \u2013 parallel randomized clinical trials in children not previously treated with tympanostomy tubes","volume":"282","author":"Paradise","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947808700223","article-title":"Effects of adenoidectomy \u2013 controlled 2-year follow-up","volume":"87","author":"Rynneldagoo","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198712033172305","article-title":"Effectiveness of adenoidectomy and tympanostomy tubes in the treatment of chronic otitis media with effusion","volume":"317","author":"Gates","year":"1987","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2253","article-title":"Adenoidectomy does not significantly reduce the incidence of otitis media in conjunction with the insertion of tympanostomy tubes in children who are younger than 4 years: a randomized trial","volume":"116","author":"Hammaren-Malmi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894800890S373","article-title":"Adenoidectomy for otitis-media with mucoid effusion","volume":"89","author":"Roydhouse","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6739.1551","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of surgery for glue ear","volume":"300","author":"Black","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100122844","article-title":"A randomized study of the surgical-management of children with persistent otitis-media with effusion associated with a hearing impairment","volume":"107","author":"Dempster","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)05295-7","article-title":"Early surgery compared with watchful waiting for glue ear and effect on language development in preschool children: a randomised trial","volume":"353","author":"Maw","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2273.1991.tb01960.x","article-title":"The effect of treatment with ventilating tubes on language-development in preschool-children with otitis-media with effusion","volume":"16","author":"Rach","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E42","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.3.e42","article-title":"The effect of ventilation tubes on language development in infants with otitis media with effusion: a randomized trial","volume":"106","author":"Rovers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E58","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.e58","article-title":"Tympanic membrane abnormalities and hearing levels at the ages of 5 and 6 years in relation to persistent otitis media and tympanostomy tube insertion in the first 3 years of life: a prospective study incorporating a randomized clinical trial","volume":"114","author":"Johnston","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200104193441601","article-title":"Effect of early or delayed insertion of tympanostomy tubes for persistent otitis media on developmental outcomes at the age of three years","volume":"344","author":"Paradise","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.287.6405.1586","article-title":"Chronic otitis-media with effusion (glue ear) and adenotonsillectomy \u2013 prospective randomized controlled-study","volume":"287","author":"Maw","year":"1983","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91317-2","article-title":"Screening for otitis-media with effusion in preschool-children","volume":"1","author":"Zielhuis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2273.1980.tb00898.x","article-title":"Adenoidectomy for middle-ear disorders \u2013 a randomized controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Fiellau-Nikolajsen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200405000-00014","article-title":"Adenoidectomy: selection criteria for surgical cases of otitis media","volume":"114","author":"Nguyen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062980","article-title":"Tympanostomy tubes and developmental outcomes at 9 to 11 years of age","volume":"356","author":"Paradise","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050406","article-title":"Developmental outcomes after early or delayed insertion of tympanostomy tubes","volume":"353","author":"Paradise","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.2.265","article-title":"Otitis media and tympanostomy tube insertion during the first three years of life: developmental outcomes at the age of four years","volume":"112","author":"Paradise","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894760850S254","article-title":"Mix of middle ear effusions in infants with cleft palate","volume":"85","author":"Paradise","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib111","volume-title":"SMOG Calculator","author":"National Institute of Adult Continuing Education","year":"2014"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.09.012","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 2. Framing the question and deciding on important outcomes","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.63.2.176","article-title":"Cleft-palate and glue ear","volume":"63","author":"Grant","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7121.1506","article-title":"The influence of patients\u2019 hopes of receiving a prescription on doctors\u2019 perceptions and the decision to prescribe: a questionnaire survey","volume":"315","author":"Britten","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"MR000008","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.mr000008.pub4","article-title":"Methods to increase response to postal and electronic questionnaires","volume":"3","author":"Edwards","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1597\/04-141R.1","article-title":"The cleft audit protocol for speech-augmented: a validated and reliable measure for auditing cleft speech","volume":"43","author":"John","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1054\/jcms.2001.0217","article-title":"The Eurocleft Project 1996\u20132000: overview","volume":"29","author":"Shaw","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cranio-MaxilloFac Surg"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib118","volume-title":"Global Strategies Towards Reducing the Health-Care Burden of Craniofacial Anomalies","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2002"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib119","volume-title":"The Communications Market Report: United Kingdom","author":"Offcom","year":"2011"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2008.01844.x","article-title":"Surgical management of otitis media with effusion in children: summary of NICE guidance","volume":"33","author":"Khanna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.93.3.353","article-title":"Theoretical cost effectiveness of management options for children with persisting middle ear effusions","volume":"93","author":"Berman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.127.12.1471","article-title":"Economic evaluation of ventilation tubes in otitis media with effusion","volume":"127","author":"Hartman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1177\/014556130508400712","article-title":"Tympanostomy tubes for otitis media: quality-of-life improvement for children and parents","volume":"84","author":"Mui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(03)00098-3","article-title":"Incidence and outcome of middle ear disease in cleft lip and\/or cleft palate","volume":"67","author":"Sheahan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569(1990)027<0036:HLACPT>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Hearing loss and cleft palate: the perspective of time","volume":"27","author":"Gould","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib126","volume-title":"Guide to the Methods of Technology Appraisal.","author":"National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE)","year":"2004"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1258\/135581904322987535","article-title":"Modelling in the economic evaluation of health care: selecting the appropriate approach","volume":"9","author":"Barton","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Health Serv Res Policy"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1597\/10-006","article-title":"Otitis media with effusion and hearing loss in chinese children with cleft lip and palate","volume":"48","author":"Kwan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1067\/mhn.2001.113941","article-title":"Meta-analysis of tympanostomy tube sequelae","volume":"124","author":"Kay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(84)80062-2","article-title":"Late results and complications of tympanostomy tube insertion for prophylaxis of recurrent purulent otitis media in pediatric age","volume":"8","author":"Fior","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0367-x","article-title":"Grommets in otitis media with effusion: the most frequent operation in children. But is it associated with significant complications?","volume":"166","author":"Vlastarakos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib132","first-page":"155","article-title":"President\u2019s address. Tympanosclerosis","volume":"69","author":"Gibb","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib133","first-page":"0502","article-title":"Otitis media with effusion in children","volume":"2011","author":"Williamson","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ Clin Evid"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD001801","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd001801.pub2","article-title":"Grommets (ventilation tubes) for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children","volume":"1","author":"Lous","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib135","volume-title":"Complications of Glue Ear","author":"NHS Choices","year":"2013"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.128.9.1040","article-title":"Anesthetic complications of tympanostomy tube placement in children","volume":"128","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib137","volume-title":"Grommets Surgery for Glue Ear \u2013 Information for Patients","author":"Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust","year":"2012"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548698","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/548698","article-title":"A review of hearing loss in cleft palate patients","volume":"2012","author":"Gani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15495-0","article-title":"Otitis media","volume":"363","author":"Rovers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200310000-00004","article-title":"Natural history of untreated otitis media","volume":"113","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69606-2","article-title":"Antibiotics for acute otitis media: a meta-analysis with individual patient data","volume":"368","author":"Rovers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02928.x","article-title":"Primary care management of otitis media among Australian children","volume":"191","author":"Gunasekera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2012.04.151","article-title":"Are ventilation tubes (grommets) in cleft children truly associated with increased complication rates? Results of a nested case control study of cleft and non-cleft children","volume":"50","author":"Russell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.306.6880.756","article-title":"Spontaneous resolution of severe chronic glue ear in children and the effect of adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, and insertion of ventilation tubes (grommets)","volume":"306","author":"Maw","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib145","unstructured":"Kubba H. Quality of Life Assessment in Paediatric Otolaryngology. MD thesis. Glasgow: University of Glasgow; 2004."},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib146","volume-title":"NHS Reference Costs 2010\u201311","author":"Department of Health"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib147","volume-title":"Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2011","author":"Personal Social Services Research Unit"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib148","volume-title":"Connevans Limited"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib149","volume-title":"Hearing Aid Batteries and Accessories","author":"HAB"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.126.5.585","article-title":"Impact of tympanostomy tubes on child quality of life","volume":"126","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib151","volume-title":"Annual Report on Cleft Lip and\/or Palate 2013","author":"CRANE Database"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894800890S311","article-title":"Eustachian-tube function in cleft-palate children","volume":"89","author":"Doyle","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib153","first-page":"99","article-title":"Unexpected ear disease in infants with cleft palate","volume":"4","author":"Stool","year":"1967","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1954.00710050665001","article-title":"A new treatment for chronic secretory otitis media","volume":"59","author":"Armstrong","year":"1954","journal-title":"AMA Arch Otolaryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib155","volume-title":"Guide to the Methods of Technology Appraisal 2013","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)","year":"2013"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X07302555","article-title":"Calculating partial expected value of perfect information via Monte Carlo sampling algorithms","volume":"27","author":"Brennan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1064","article-title":"Identifying key parameters in cost-effectiveness analysis using value of information: a comparison of methods","volume":"15","author":"Groot Koerkamp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib158","first-page":"1","article-title":"Eustachian tube obstruction in infant with cleft palate","volume":"80","author":"Bluestone","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.329.7459.224","article-title":"National Institute for Clinical Excellence and its value judgments","volume":"329","author":"Rawlins","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"31","key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta8310","article-title":"A pilot study on the use of decision theory and value of information analysis as part of the NHS Health Technology Assessment programme","volume":"8","author":"Claxton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(03)00120-7","article-title":"Follow-up of 366 ears after tympanostomy tube insertion: why is it draining?","volume":"128","author":"Kalcioglu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(99)00243-8","article-title":"A retrospective study of hearing, speech and language function in children with clefts following palatoplasty and veloplasty procedures at 18\u201324 months of age","volume":"50","author":"Sch\u00f6nweiler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib163","first-page":"691","article-title":"Hearing capacity and speech production in 417 children with facial cleft abnormalities","volume":"42","author":"Sch\u00f6nweiler","year":"1994","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7117.1211","article-title":"Influence of patients\u2019 expectations on antibiotic management of acute lower respiratory tract illness in general practice: questionnaire study","volume":"315","author":"Macfarlane","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib165","volume-title":"NHS Standard Contract for Cleft Lip and\/or Palate Services Including Non-Cleft Velopharyngeal Dysfunction (VPD) (All Ages)","author":"NHS England"},{"key":"key20150831081959405_ref1-bib166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-200106000-00003","article-title":"The effect of short-term ventilation tubes versus watchful waiting on hearing in young children with persistent otitis media with effusion: a randomized trial","volume":"22","author":"Rovers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ear Hear"}],"container-title":["Health Technology Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/hta19680\/hta19680.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2002268","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/hta19680\/hta19680.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2002754","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T15:35:46Z","timestamp":1692113746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/hta\/hta19680\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"references-count":166,"journal-issue":{"issue":"68","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3310\/hta19680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/hta19680","relation":{},"ISSN":["1366-5278","2046-4924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1366-5278","type":"print"},{"value":"2046-4924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made freely available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}