{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:40:44Z","timestamp":1792032044490,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":183,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","issue":"99","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]],"date-time":"2015-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446336000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/non-commercial-government-licence\/non-commercial-government-licence.htm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Meeting global health challenges requires effective behaviour change interventions (BCIs). This depends on advancing the science of behaviour change which, in turn, depends on accurate intervention reporting. Current reporting often lacks detail, preventing accurate replication and implementation. Recent developments have specified intervention content into behaviour change techniques (BCTs) \u2013 the \u2018active ingredients\u2019, for example goal-setting, self-monitoring of behaviour. BCTs are \u2018the smallest components compatible with retaining the postulated active ingredients, i.e. the proposed mechanisms of change. They can be used alone or in combination with other BCTs\u2019 (Michie S, Johnston M. Theories and techniques of behaviour change: developing a cumulative science of behaviour change.\n                      <jats:italic>Health Psychol Rev<\/jats:italic>\n                      2012;\n                      <jats:bold>6<\/jats:bold>\n                      :1\u20136). Domain-specific taxonomies of BCTs have been developed, for example healthy eating and physical activity, smoking cessation and alcohol consumption. We need to build on these to develop an internationally shared language for specifying and developing interventions. This technology can be used for synthesising evidence, implementing effective interventions and testing theory. It has enormous potential added value for science and global health.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(1) To develop a method of specifying content of BCIs in terms of component BCTs; (2) to lay a foundation for a comprehensive methodology applicable to different types of complex interventions; (3) to develop resources to support application of the taxonomy; and (4) to achieve multidisciplinary and international acceptance for future development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\">\n                    <jats:title>Design and participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Four hundred participants (systematic reviewers, researchers, practitioners, policy-makers) from 12 countries engaged in investigating, designing and\/or delivering BCIs.\n                      <jats:italic>Development of the taxonomy<\/jats:italic>\n                      involved a Delphi procedure, an iterative process of revisions and consultation with 41 international experts;\n                      <jats:italic>hierarchical structure<\/jats:italic>\n                      of the list was developed using inductive \u2018bottom-up\u2019 and theory-driven \u2018top-down\u2019 open-sort procedures (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200936);\n                      <jats:italic>training<\/jats:italic>\n                      in use of the taxonomy (1-day workshops and distance group tutorials) (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009161) was\n                      <jats:italic>evaluated<\/jats:italic>\n                      by changes in intercoder reliability and validity (agreement with expert consensus);\n                      <jats:italic>evaluating<\/jats:italic>\n                      the taxonomy for coding interventions was assessed by reliability (intercoder; test\u2013retest) and validity (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200940 trained coders); and\n                      <jats:italic>evaluating<\/jats:italic>\n                      the taxonomy for writing descriptions was assessed by reliability (intercoder; test\u2013retest) and by experimentally testing its value (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009190).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ninety-three distinct, non-overlapping BCTs with clear labels and definitions formed Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy version 1 (BCTTv1). BCTs clustered into 16 groupings using a \u2018bottom-up\u2019 open-sort procedure; there was overlap between these and groupings produced by a theory-driven, \u2018top-down\u2019 procedure. Both training methods improved validity (both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), doubled the proportion of coders achieving competence and improved confidence in identifying BCTs in workshops (both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) but did not improve intercoder reliability. Good intercoder reliability was observed for 80 of the 93 BCTs. Good within-coder agreement was observed after 1 month (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Validity was good for 14 of 15 BCTs in the descriptions. The usefulness of BCTTv1 to report descriptions of observed interventions had mixed results.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The developed taxonomy (BCTTv1) provides a methodology for identifying content of complex BCIs and a foundation for international cross-disciplinary collaboration for developing more effective interventions to improve health. Further work is needed to examine its usefulness for reporting interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\">\n                    <jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This project was funded by the Medical Research Council Ref: G0901474\/1. Funding also came from the Peninsula Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/hta19990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T07:57:11Z","timestamp":1448956631000},"page":"1-188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":555,"title":["Behaviour change techniques: the development and evaluation of a taxonomic method for reporting and describing behaviour change interventions (a suite of five studies involving consensus methods, randomised controlled trials and analysis of qualitative data)"],"prefix":"10.3310","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Michie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline 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