{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:43:22Z","timestamp":1791341002164,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":227,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","issue":"42","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]],"date-time":"2016-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462060800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/non-commercial-government-licence\/non-commercial-government-licence.htm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10\/80\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10\/80\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuraminidase inhibitors (NIs) are stockpiled and recommended by public health agencies for treating and preventing seasonal and pandemic influenza. They are used clinically worldwide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To (1) describe the potential benefits and harms of NIs for influenza in all age groups by reviewing all clinical study reports (CSRs) of published and unpublished randomised, placebo-controlled trials and regulatory comments; and (2) determine the effect of oseltamivir (Tamiflu\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      , Roche) treatment on mortality in patients with 2009A\/H1N1 influenza.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched trial registries, electronic databases and corresponded with regulators and sponsors to identify randomised trials of NIs. We requested full CSRs and accessed regulators\u2019 comments. We included only those trials for which we had CSRs. To examine the effects of oseltamivir on 2009A\/H1N1 influenza mortality, we requested individual patient data (IPD) from corresponding authors of all included observational studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        Effect of oseltamivir and zanamivir (Relenza\n                        <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                        , GlaxoSmithKline) in the prevention and treatment of influenza\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      : Oseltamivir reduced the time to first alleviation of symptoms in adults by 16.8 hours [95% confidence interval (CI) 8.4 to 25.1 hours]. Zanamivir reduced the time to first alleviation of symptoms in adults by 0.60 days (95% CI 0.39 to 0.81 days). Oseltamivir reduced unverified pneumonia in adult treatment [risk difference (RD) 1.00%, 95% CI 0.22% to 1.49%]; similar findings were observed with zanamivir prophylaxis in adults (RD 0.32%, 95% CI 0.09% to 0.41%). Oseltamivir treatment of adults increased the risk of nausea (RD 3.66%, 95% CI 0.90% to 7.39%) and vomiting (RD 4.56%, 95% CI 2.39% to 7.58%). In the treatment of children, oseltamivir induced vomiting (RD 5.34%, 95% CI 1.75% to 10.29%). Both oseltamivir and zanamivir prophylaxis reduced the risk of symptomatic influenza in individuals (oseltamivir RD 3.05%, 95% CI 1.83% to 3.88%; zanamivir RD 1.98%, 95% CI 0.98% to 2.54%) and in households (oseltamivir RD 13.6%, 95% CI 9.52% to 15.47%; zanamivir RD 14.84%, 95% CI 12.18% to 16.55%). Oseltamivir increased psychiatric adverse events in the combined on- and off-treatment periods (RD 1.06%, 95% CI 0.07% to 2.76%) and the risk of headaches while on treatment (RD 3.15%, 95% CI 0.88% to 5.78%).\n                      <jats:italic>Effect of oseltamivir on mortality in patients with 2009A\/H1N1 influenza<\/jats:italic>\n                      : Analysis of summary data of 30 studies as well as IPD of four studies showed evidence of time-dependent bias. After adjusting for time-dependent bias and potential confounding variables, competing risks analysis of the IPD showed insufficient evidence that oseltamivir reduced the risk of mortality (hazard ratio 1.03, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.65).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oseltamivir and zanamivir cause small reductions in the time to first alleviation of influenza symptoms in adults. The use of oseltamivir increases the risk of nausea, vomiting, psychiatric events in adults and vomiting in children. Oseltamivir has no protective effect on mortality among patients with 2009A\/H1N1 influenza. Prophylaxis with either NI may reduce symptomatic influenza in individuals and in households. The balance between benefits and harms should be considered when making decisions about use of NIs for either prophylaxis or treatment of influenza.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\">\n                    <jats:title>Study registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42012002245.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\">\n                    <jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/hta20420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]],"date-time":"2016-06-01T04:40:59Z","timestamp":1464756059000},"page":"1-242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza: a systematic review and meta-analysis of regulatory and mortality data"],"prefix":"10.3310","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Carl J","family":"Heneghan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igho","family":"Onakpoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Doshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris B","family":"Del Mar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice (CREBP), Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rokuro","family":"Hama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Institute of Pharmacovigilance, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamal R","family":"Mahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Nunan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Howick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Jefferson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Cochrane Collaboration, Rome, 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