{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T18:38:14Z","timestamp":1776105494436,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,1]],"date-time":"2017-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491004800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/non-commercial-government-licence\/non-commercial-government-licence.htm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09\/77\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09\/77\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Falls are a serious cause of morbidity and cost to individuals and society. Evidence suggests that foot problems and inappropriate footwear may increase the risk of falling. Podiatric interventions could help reduce falls; however, there is limited evidence regarding their clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\"><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a multifaceted podiatry intervention for preventing falls in community-dwelling older people at risk of falling, relative to usual care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A pragmatic, multicentred, cohort randomised controlled trial with an economic evaluation and qualitative study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nine NHS trusts in the UK and one site in Ireland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\"><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 1010 participants aged \u2265\u200965 years were randomised (intervention,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009493; usual care,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009517) via a secure, remote service. Blinding was not possible.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\"><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title><jats:p>All participants received a falls prevention leaflet and routine care from their podiatrist and general practitioner. The intervention also consisted of footwear advice, footwear provision if required, foot orthoses and foot- and ankle-strengthening exercises.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\"><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary outcome was the incidence rate of falls per participant in the 12 months following randomisation. The secondary outcomes included the proportion of fallers and multiple fallers, time to first fall, fear of falling, fracture rate, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and cost-effectiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary analysis consisted of 484 (98.2%) intervention and 507 (98.1%) usual-care participants. There was a non-statistically significant reduction in the incidence rate of falls in the intervention group [adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73 to 1.05;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.16]. The proportion of participants experiencing a fall was lower (50% vs. 55%, adjusted odds ratio 0.78, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.00;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05). No differences were observed in key secondary outcomes. No serious, unexpected and related adverse events were reported. The intervention costs \u00a3252.17 more per participant (95% CI \u2013\u00a369.48 to \u00a3589.38) than usual care, was marginally more beneficial in terms of HRQoL measured via the EuroQoL-5 Dimensions [mean quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) difference 0.0129, 95% CI \u20130.0050 to 0.0314 QALYs] and had a 65% probability of being cost-effective at the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence threshold of \u00a330,000 per QALY gained. The intervention was generally acceptable to podiatrists and trial participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-9\"><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>Owing to the difficulty in calculating a sample size for a count outcome, the sample size was based on detecting a difference in the proportion of participants experiencing at least one fall, and not the primary outcome. We are therefore unable to confirm if the trial was sufficiently powered for the primary outcome. The findings are not generalisable to patients who are not receiving podiatry care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-10\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The intervention was safe and potentially effective. Although the primary outcome measure did not reach significance, a lower fall rate was observed in the intervention group. The reduction in the proportion of older adults who experienced a fall was of borderline statistical significance. The economic evaluation suggests that the intervention could be cost-effective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-11\"><jats:title>Future work<\/jats:title><jats:p>Further research could examine whether or not the intervention could be delivered in group sessions, by physiotherapists, or in high-risk patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-12\"><jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN68240461.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-13\"><jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title><jats:p>This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in<jats:italic>Health Technology Assessment<\/jats:italic>; Vol. 21, No. 24. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/hta21240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,16]],"date-time":"2017-06-16T09:44:32Z","timestamp":1497606272000},"page":"1-198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a multifaceted podiatry intervention for falls prevention in older people: a multicentre cohort randomised controlled trial (the REducing Falls with ORthoses and a Multifaceted podiatry intervention trial)"],"prefix":"10.3310","volume":"21","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn68240461","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn","type":"results"}],"author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Cockayne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Rodgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorraine","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Fairhurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joy","family":"Adamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arabella","family":"Scantlebury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Belen","family":"Corbacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine E","family":"Hewitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Hull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Podiatry Department, Harrogate and District NHS Foundation Trust, Harrogate, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne-Maree","family":"Keenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah E","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"McIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Podiatric Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hylton B","family":"Menz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Redmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoe","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wesley","family":"Vernon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Podiatry Department, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J","family":"Torgerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0753-5","article-title":"The health-related quality of life and cost implications of falls in elderly women","volume":"20","author":"Iglesias","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-011-0059-y","article-title":"The role of falls in fracture prediction","volume":"9","author":"Bischoff-Ferrari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511722233","volume-title":"Falls in Older People: Risk Factors and Strategies for Prevention","author":"Lord","year":"2007"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116681","article-title":"Incidence of and risk factors for falls and injurious falls among the community-dwelling elderly","volume":"137","author":"O\u2019Loughlin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6831.888","article-title":"Can health visitors prevent fractures in elderly people?","volume":"304","author":"Vetter","year":"1992","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib6","volume-title":"The Care of Patients with Fragility Fracture","author":"British Orthopaedic Association","year":"2007"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib7","volume-title":"National Service Framework for Older People","author":"Department of Health (DH)","year":"2001"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh071","article-title":"Prevalence of foot and ankle conditions in a multiethnic community sample of older adults","volume":"159","author":"Dunn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.8.866","article-title":"Foot and ankle risk factors for falls in older people: a prospective study","volume":"61","author":"Menz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03061.x","article-title":"Foot pain, plantar pressures, and falls in older people: a prospective study","volume":"58","author":"Mickle","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.7547\/1030516","article-title":"Footwear interventions: a review of their sensorimotor and mechanical effects on balance performance and gait in older adults","volume":"103","author":"Hatton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2007.10.0168","article-title":"Optimizing footwear for older people at risk of falls","volume":"45","author":"Menant","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52412.x","article-title":"Footwear style and risk of falls in older adults","volume":"52","author":"Koepsell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2010.491074","article-title":"Footwear and falls in the home among older individuals in the MOBILIZE Boston study","volume":"2","author":"Kelsey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Footwear Sci"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2001.49115.x","article-title":"Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons","volume":"49","author":"American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib16","volume-title":"Preventing Falls and Harm from Falls in Older People: Best Practice Guidelines for Australian Community Care","author":"Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare","year":"2009"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.10.006","article-title":"Effect of painful keratoses debridement on foot pain, balance and function in older adults","volume":"22","author":"Balanowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.03.010","article-title":"A systematic review of the effects of shoes and other ankle or foot appliances on balance in older people and people with peripheral nervous system disorders","volume":"25","author":"Hijmans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.7547\/1030534","article-title":"Effectiveness of foot and ankle exercise programs on reducing the risk of falling in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"103","author":"Schwenk","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.11.31","article-title":"Effects of toe grasp training for the aged on spontaneous postural sway","volume":"11","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib21","first-page":"CD007146","article-title":"Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community","volume":"2","author":"Gillespie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib22","first-page":"CD005465","article-title":"Interventions for preventing falls in older people in nursing care facilities and hospitals","volume":"1","author":"Cameron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d3411","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d3411","article-title":"Effectiveness of a multifaceted podiatry intervention to prevent falls in community dwelling older people with disabling foot pain: randomised controlled trial","volume":"342","author":"Spink","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c1066","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c1066","article-title":"Rethinking pragmatic randomised controlled trials: introducing the \u2018cohort multiple randomised controlled trial\u2019 design","volume":"340","author":"Relton","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03221.x","article-title":"Environmental assessment and modification to prevent falls in older people","volume":"59","author":"Pighills","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib26","first-page":"35","article-title":"The healthy footwear guide","volume":"5","author":"Vernon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Podiatry Now"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib27","volume-title":"Staying Steady. Improving Your Strength and Balance","author":"Age UK"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib28","volume-title":"Fall Prevention","author":"Irish Osteoporosis Society"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2012.05.008","article-title":"Prior notification of trial participants by newsletter increased response rates: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"65","author":"Mitchell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53455.x","article-title":"Development of a common outcome data set for fall injury prevention trials: the Prevention of Falls Network Europe consensus","volume":"53","author":"Lamb","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afm157","article-title":"The Short FES-I: a shortened version of the falls efficacy scale-international to assess fear of falling","volume":"37","author":"Kempen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.8.1173","article-title":"The Frenchay Activities Index. Assessment of functional status in stroke patients","volume":"24","author":"Schuling","year":"1993","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1300\/J018v01n01_06","article-title":"Screening tests for geriatric depression","volume":"1","author":"Brink","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Gerontol"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.01.006","article-title":"An abbreviated version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the CD-RISC2: psychometric properties and applications in psychopharmacological trials","volume":"152","author":"Vaishnavi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib35","first-page":"191","volume-title":"The EuroQoL Instrument: An Index of Health-Related Quality of Life. Quality of Life and Pharmacoeconomics in Clinical Trials","author":"Kind","year":"1996","edition":"2nd edn."},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib36","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent Evidence and Development of a Shorter Version. A Guide to Assessment and Intervention","author":"Sheikh","year":"1986"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-20","article-title":"Accounting for centre-effects in multicentre trials with a binary outcome \u2013 when, why, and how?","volume":"14","author":"Kahan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1599","article-title":"Modelling clustered survival data from multicentre clinical trials","volume":"23","author":"Glidden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"A new look at the statistical model identification","volume":"19","author":"Akaike","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE T Automat Contr"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.4770180211","article-title":"Sample size in qualitative research","volume":"18","author":"Sandelowski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-1767(85)90062-8","volume-title":"Naturalistic Inquiry","author":"Lincoln","year":"1985"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1599-0","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of hip protectors among women living in the community","volume":"15","author":"Birks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0168712","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168712","article-title":"Cohort randomised controlled trial of a multifaceted podiatry intervention for the prevention of falls in older people (the REFORM trial)","volume":"12","author":"Cockayne","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"i245","key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i245","article-title":"Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of serious fall injuries in adults aged 70\u201389: randomized clinical trial (LIFE Study)","volume":"352","author":"Gill","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198529446.001.0001","volume-title":"Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes","author":"Drummond","year":"2005","edition":"3rd edn."},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230583993","volume-title":"Designing Randomised Trials in Health, Education and the Social Sciences: An Introduction","author":"Torgerson","year":"2008"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2165\/00148365-200504020-00001","article-title":"Handling missing data in patient-level cost-effectiveness analysis alongside randomised clinical trials","volume":"4","author":"Manca","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Health Econ Health Policy"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib49","volume-title":"Guide to the Methods of Technology Appraisal","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)","year":"2013"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8510(96)00822-6","article-title":"EuroQoL: the current state of play","volume":"37","author":"Brooks","year":"1996","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-005-1743-0","article-title":"Quality of life in older people: a structured review of generic self-assessed health instruments","volume":"14","author":"Haywood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3310\/hta3100","article-title":"Methods for the analysis of quality-of-life and survival data in health technology assessment","volume":"3","author":"Billingham","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.944","article-title":"Estimating mean QALYs in trial-based cost-effectiveness analysis: the importance of controlling for baseline utility","volume":"14","author":"Manca","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib54","volume-title":"Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2015","author":"Curtis","year":"2015"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib55","volume-title":"NHS Reference Costs 2014\u201315","author":"Department of Health (DH)","year":"2015"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-014-0193-3","article-title":"A guide to handling missing data in cost-effectiveness analysis conducted within randomised controlled trials","volume":"32","author":"Faria","year":"2014","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d40","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d40","article-title":"Strategy for intention to treat analysis in randomised trials with missing outcome data","volume":"342","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067","article-title":"Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice","volume":"30","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1996.10476908","article-title":"Multiple imputation after 18+ years","volume":"91","author":"Rubin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib60","volume-title":"Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys","author":"Rubin","year":"2004"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0500500404","article-title":"Multiple imputation of missing values","volume":"5","author":"Royston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stata Tech J"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2005.00045.x","article-title":"Good research practices for cost-effectiveness analysis alongside clinical trials: the ISPOR RCT-CEA Task Force report","volume":"8","author":"Ramsey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429246593","volume-title":"An Introduction to the Bootstrap","author":"Efron","year":"1994"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199685028.001.0001","volume-title":"Economic Evaluation in Clinical Trials","author":"Glick","year":"2014"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.2812","article-title":"Methods for covariate adjustment in cost-effectiveness analysis that use cluster randomised trials","volume":"21","author":"Gomes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X07302132","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis using data from multinational trials: the use of bivariate hierarchical modeling","volume":"27","author":"Manca","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib67","volume-title":"Methods for the Estimation of the NICE Cost Effectiveness Threshold","author":"Claxton","year":"2013"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X98018002S09","article-title":"Net health benefits: a new framework for the analysis of uncertainty in cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"18","author":"Stinnett","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200826090-00008","article-title":"Exploring uncertainty in cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"26","author":"Claxton","year":"2008","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"key20170616103753683_ref1-bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1050(199905)8:3<257::AID-HEC427>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"A Bayesian approach to stochastic cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"8","author":"Briggs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Econ"}],"container-title":["Health Technology Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/hta21240\/hta21240.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2002706","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/hta21240\/hta21240.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2010496","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T20:24:51Z","timestamp":1719260691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/hta\/hta21240"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3310\/hta21240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/hta21240","relation":{},"ISSN":["1366-5278","2046-4924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1366-5278","type":"print"},{"value":"2046-4924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made freely available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}