{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T12:22:50Z","timestamp":1781353370534,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/non-commercial-government-licence\/non-commercial-government-licence.htm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14\/139\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14\/139\/17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ammalife"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide. Prophylactic uterotonic drugs can reduce blood loss and are routinely recommended. There are several uterotonic drugs for preventing PPH, but it is still debatable which drug or combination of drugs is the most effective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\"><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify the most effective and cost-effective uterotonic drug(s) to prevent PPH, and generate a ranking according to their effectiveness and side-effect profile.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth\u2019s Trials Register (1 June 2015), ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization (WHO)\u2019s International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) were searched for unpublished trial reports (30 June 2015). In addition, reference lists of retrieved studies (updated October 2017) were searched for randomised trials evaluating uterotonic drugs for preventing PPH. The study estimated relative effects and rankings for preventing PPH, defined as blood loss of \u2265\u2009500\u2009ml and \u2265\u20091000\u2009ml. Pairwise meta-analyses and network meta-analysis were performed to determine the relative effects and rankings of all available drugs and combinations thereof [ergometrine, misoprostol (Cytotec<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>; Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, USA), misoprostol plus oxytocin (Syntocinon<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>; Novartis International AG, Basel, Switzerland), carbetocin (Pabal<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>; Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Saint-Prex, Switzerland), ergometrine plus oxytocin (Syntometrine<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>; Alliance Pharma plc, Chippenham, UK), oxytocin, and a placebo or no treatment]. Primary outcomes were stratified according to the mode of birth, prior risk of PPH, health-care setting, drug dosage, regimen and route of drug administration. Sensitivity analyses were performed according to study quality and funding source, among others. A model-based economic evaluation compared the relative cost-effectiveness separately for vaginal births and caesareans with or without including side effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 137 randomised trials and 87,466 women, ergometrine plus oxytocin, carbetocin and misoprostol plus oxytocin were found to reduce the risk of PPH blood loss of \u2265\u2009500\u2009ml compared with the standard drug, oxytocin [ergometrine plus oxytocin: risk ratio (RR) 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57 to 0.83; carbetocin: RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.00; misoprostol plus oxytocin: RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.6 to 0.9]. Each of these three strategies had 100% cumulative probability of being ranked first, second or third most effective. Oxytocin was ranked fourth, with an almost 0% cumulative probability of being ranked in the top three. Similar rankings were noted for the reduction of PPH blood loss of \u2265\u20091000\u2009ml (ergometrine plus oxytocin: RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.95; carbetocin: RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.28; misoprostol plus oxytocin: RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.14), and most secondary outcomes. Ergometrine plus oxytocin and misoprostol plus oxytocin had the poorest ranking for side effects. Carbetocin had a favourable side-effect profile, which was similar to oxytocin. However, the analysis was restricted to high-quality studies, carbetocin lost its ranking and was comparable to oxytocin. The relative cost-effectiveness of the alternative strategies is inconclusive, and the results are affected by both the uncertainty and inconsistency in the data reported on adverse events. For vaginal delivery, when assuming no adverse events, ergometrine plus oxytocin is less costly and more effective than all strategies except carbetocin. The strategy of carbetocin is both more effective and more costly than all other strategies. When taking adverse events into consideration, all prevention strategies, except oxytocin, are more costly and less effective than carbetocin. For delivery by caesarean section, with and without adverse events, the relative cost-effectiveness is different, again because of the uncertainty in the available data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\"><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was considerable uncertainty in findings within the planned subgroup analyses, and subgroup effects cannot be ruled out.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ergometrine plus oxytocin, carbetocin and misoprostol plus oxytocin are more effective uterotonic drug strategies for preventing PPH than the current standard, oxytocin. Ergometrine plus oxytocin and misoprostol plus oxytocin cause significant side effects. Carbetocin has a favourable side-effect profile, which was similar to oxytocin. However, most carbetocin trials are small and of poor quality. There is a need for a large high-quality trial comparing carbetocin with oxytocin; such a trial is currently being conducted by the WHO. The relative cost-effectiveness is inconclusive, and results are affected by uncertainty and inconsistency in adverse events data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\"><jats:title>Study registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42015020005; Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group (substudy) reference number 0871; PROSPERO\u2013Cochrane (substudy) reference number CRD42015026568; and sponsor reference number ERN_13\u20131414 (University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\"><jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title><jats:p>Funding for this study was provided by the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme in a research award to the University of Birmingham and supported by the UK charity Ammalife (UK-registered charity 1120236). The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data synthesis, interpretation or writing of the report.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/hta23090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T10:05:24Z","timestamp":1551434724000},"page":"1-356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Uterotonic drugs to prevent postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3310","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2766-358X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Gallos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tommy\u2019s National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4417-9404","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Helen","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tommy\u2019s National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7352-3027","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Malcolm","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8982-5540","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karen","family":"Pickering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0352-2106","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abi","family":"Merriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tommy\u2019s National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6428-6755","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aurelio","family":"Tobias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tommy\u2019s National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7878-2327","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Lissauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tommy\u2019s National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4949-7981","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Harry","family":"Gee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tommy\u2019s National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5370-682X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"\u00d6zge","family":"Tun\u00e7alp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4266-3585","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gillian","family":"Gyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Centre for Women\u2019s Health Research, Liverpool Women\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK"},{"name":"National Childbirth Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8188-3965","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vidhya","family":"Moorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tommy\u2019s National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0624-0537","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tracy","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8850-1971","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Deeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3080-1007","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Justus","family":"Hofmeyr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Effective Care Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand\/Fort Hare, Eastern Cape Department of Health, East London, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4674-0998","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Metin","family":"G\u00fclmezoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3261-9807","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arri","family":"Coomarasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tommy\u2019s National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib1","volume-title":"Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2013 \u2013 Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, The World Bank and the United Nations Population Division","author":"World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the World Bank, the United Nations Population Division","year":"2014"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e323","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70227-X","article-title":"Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis","volume":"2","author":"Say","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.08.004","article-title":"Epidemiology of postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Carroli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib4","volume-title":"Hospital Episode Statistics Analysis: NHS Maternity Statistics \u2013 England, 2012\u201313","author":"Health and Social Care Information Centre","year":"2013"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0b013e328014a860","article-title":"Near miss audit in obstetrics","volume":"19","author":"Penney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib6","volume-title":"WHO Recommendations for the Prevention and Treatment of Postpartum Haemorrhage","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2012"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(56)90676-7","article-title":"Postpartum hemorrhage; a five-year study at Queen of Angels Hospital","volume":"71","author":"Weekes","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60686-8","article-title":"Moving beyond essential interventions for reduction of maternal mortality (the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health): a cross-sectional study","volume":"381","author":"Souza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib9","first-page":"69","article-title":"Factors associated with postpartum hemorrhage with vaginal birth","volume":"77","author":"Combs","year":"1991","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD007412","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007412.pub3","article-title":"Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour","volume":"11","author":"Begley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib11","volume-title":"Syntocinon ampoules 5 IU\/ml \u2013 Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)","author":"eMC","year":"2014"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/ael302","article-title":"Haemodynamic effects of oxytocin given as i.v. bolus or infusion on women undergoing Caesarean section","volume":"98","author":"Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD001808","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001808.pub2","article-title":"Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage","volume":"10","author":"Westhoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib14","first-page":"523","article-title":"Ergot alkaloids. Current status and review of clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use compared with other oxytocics in obstetrics and gynaecology","volume":"56","author":"de Groot","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-2115(95)02531-6","article-title":"The role of oral (methyl)ergometrine in the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage","volume":"69","author":"de Groot","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD005456","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005456.pub2","article-title":"Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour","volume":"2","author":"Liabsuetrakul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD000494","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000494.pub4","article-title":"Prostaglandins for preventing postpartum haemorrhage","volume":"8","author":"Tun\u00e7alp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.21.1.60.34442","article-title":"Misoprostol therapeutics revisited","volume":"21","author":"Davies","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2004.06.014","article-title":"Comparison of misoprostol plasma concentrations following buccal and sublingual administration","volume":"71","author":"Schaff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1992.103","article-title":"Effect of carbetocin, a long-acting oxytocin analog on the postpartum uterus","volume":"52","author":"Hunter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD005457","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005457.pub3","article-title":"Carbetocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage","volume":"2","author":"Su","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD000201","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000201.pub2","article-title":"Prophylactic ergometrine-oxytocin versus oxytocin for the third stage of labour","volume":"1","author":"McDonald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib23","volume-title":"Intrapartum Care: Care of Healthy Women and Their Babies During Childbirth","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)","year":"2014"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.081086","article-title":"Integration of evidence from multiple meta-analyses: a primer on umbrella reviews, treatment networks and multiple treatments meta-analyses","volume":"181","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2009","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib25","volume-title":"Evaluating the Quality of Care for Severe Pregnancy Complications: Who Near-Miss Approach for Maternal Health","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2011"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib26","volume-title":"Detailed search methods used to maintain and update the Specialised Register","author":"Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group","year":"2017"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib27","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","author":"Higgins","year":"2011"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X12458724","article-title":"Evidence synthesis for decision making 2: a generalized linear modeling framework for pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"33","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.03.016","article-title":"Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment meta-analysis: an overview and tutorial","volume":"64","author":"Salanti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1045","article-title":"Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: model estimation using multivariate meta-regression","volume":"3","author":"White","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1501500403","article-title":"Network meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1044","article-title":"Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: concepts and models for multi-arm studies","volume":"3","author":"Higgins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c3515","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c3515","article-title":"Small study effects in meta-analyses of osteoarthritis trials: meta-epidemiological study","volume":"341","author":"N\u00fcesch","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib36","first-page":"CD011689","article-title":"Uterotonic agents for preventing postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Gallos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2010.04.036","article-title":"Uterine massage to reduce postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery","volume":"111","author":"Abdel-Aleem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2001.080003245.x","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial comparing effect of oral misoprostol and intravenous Syntocinon on intra-operative blood loss during cesarean section","volume":"80","author":"Acharya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S825","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(12)62094-3","article-title":"Comparative study of rectal misoprostol to oxytocin infusion in preventing postpartum haemorrhage post-caesarean section","volume":"119","author":"Adanikin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib40","first-page":"207","article-title":"Oral misoprostol versus intramuscular oxytocin in the active management of the third stage of labour","volume":"51","author":"Afolabi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib41","first-page":"49","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of carbetocin in hypertensive pregnant women undergoing cesarean delivery","volume":"27","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2012.755503","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of sublingual misoprostol and intramuscular oxytocin for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage","volume":"33","author":"Al-Sawaf","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08115.x","article-title":"Misoprostol compared with methylergometrine for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage: a double-blind randomised trial","volume":"106","author":"Amant","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib44","first-page":"196","article-title":"Prophylactic use of misoprostol in management of third stage of labour and prevention of atonic uterus","volume":"28","author":"Amin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med Inst"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-011-1851-8","article-title":"Carbetocin versus Syntometrine in the management of third stage of labor following vaginal delivery","volume":"284","author":"Askar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02585.x","article-title":"Carbetocin versus oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage following caesarean section: the results of a double-blind randomised trial","volume":"117","author":"Attilakos","year":"2010","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001752","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001752","article-title":"Sublingual misoprostol versus intramuscular oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in Uganda: a double-blind randomized non-inferiority trial","volume":"11","author":"Atukunda","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2012.01869.x","article-title":"Adjunctive rectal misoprostol versus oxytocin infusion for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in women at risk: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Badejoko","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01658.x","article-title":"Oxytocin-ergometrine co-administration does not reduce blood loss at caesarean delivery for labour arrest","volume":"115","author":"Balki","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70212-1","article-title":"Rectal misoprostol in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a placebo-controlled trial","volume":"179","author":"Bamigboye","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1600-0412.1998.770209.x","article-title":"Randomized comparison of rectal misoprostol with Syntometrine for management of third stage of labor","volume":"77","author":"Bamigboye","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib52","first-page":"185","article-title":"The safety and efficiency of carbetocin to control uterine bleeding following caesarean section","volume":"1","author":"Barton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prenatal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2006.12.016","article-title":"Misoprostol versus oxytocin for the reduction of postpartum blood loss","volume":"97","author":"Baskett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-6138(05)80091-9","article-title":"A comparison of \u2018active\u2019 and \u2018physiological\u2019 management of the third stage of labour","volume":"6","author":"Begley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2012.03341.x","article-title":"Prevention of postpartum haemorrhage with sublingual misoprostol or oxytocin: a double-blind randomised controlled trial","volume":"119","author":"Bellad","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib56","first-page":"576","article-title":"Role of misoprostol in the delivery outcome","volume":"30","author":"Benchimol","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000144119.94565.18","article-title":"Buccal misoprostol to decrease blood loss after vaginal delivery: a randomized trial","volume":"104","author":"Bhullar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-009-0973-8","article-title":"Utilization of carbetocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"280","author":"Borruto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib59","first-page":"202","article-title":"Double-blind, randomized comparison of the effect of carbetocin and oxytocin on intraoperative blood loss and uterine tone of patients undergoing cesarean section","volume":"18","author":"Boucher","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)30659-4","article-title":"Comparison of carbetocin and oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage following vaginal delivery: a double-blind randomized trial","volume":"26","author":"Boucher","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(01)00346-0","article-title":"Misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"73","author":"Bugalho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeq004","article-title":"Minimum effective bolus dose of oxytocin during elective Caesarean delivery","volume":"104","author":"Butwick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.126293","article-title":"Is rectal misoprostol really effective in the treatment of third stage of labor? A randomized controlled trial","volume":"187","author":"Cali\u015fkan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200305000-00017","article-title":"Oral misoprostol for the third stage of labor: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"101","author":"Cali\u015fkan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-5013(09)72619-6","article-title":"Active management of the third phase of labour plus 400 \u00b5g of sublingual misoprostol and 200 \u00b5g of rectal misoprostol versus active management only in the prevention of post-partum haemorrhage. A randomised clinical trial","volume":"52","author":"Carbonell I Esteve","year":"2009","journal-title":"Progres Obstet Ginecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.5336\/medsci.2008-10206","article-title":"Comparison of the different dosages of rectal misoprostol on intestinal motility and pain score in high risk cesarean delivery","volume":"30","author":"Cayan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turk Klinik J Med Sci"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.11.009","article-title":"Rectally administered misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin infusion during cesarean delivery to reduce intraoperative and postoperative blood loss","volume":"109","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2011.09.016","article-title":"Sublingual misoprostol versus intramuscular oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in low-risk women","volume":"116","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2014.07.029","article-title":"Sublingual misoprostol as an adjunct to oxytocin during cesarean delivery in women at risk of postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"128","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2008.00843.x","article-title":"Low-dose sublingual misoprostol versus methylergometrine for active management of the third stage of labor","volume":"34","author":"Chhabra","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.01204.x","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of intramuscular Syntometrine and intravenous oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour","volume":"109","author":"Choy","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.1999.tb03124.x","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial comparing oral misoprostol with synthetic oxytocin or Syntometrine in the third stage of labour","volume":"39","author":"Cook","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70271-1","article-title":"Double blind comparison of carbetocin versus oxytocin in prevention of uterine atony after cesarean section","volume":"18","author":"Dansereau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib74","first-page":"46","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial: the effectiveness of oral misoprostol versus oxytocin in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"28","author":"Dasuki","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349609033355","article-title":"A placebo-controlled trial of oral ergometrine to reduce postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"75","author":"de Groot","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69522-6","article-title":"Oral misoprostol in preventing postpartum haemorrhage in resource-poor communities: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"368","author":"Derman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib77","first-page":"734","article-title":"Comparative study of efficacy and safety of intramuscular oxytocin with intramuscular methylergometrine in the active management of third stage of labour","volume":"5","author":"Dhananjaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib78","first-page":"60","article-title":"Choice of an oxytocic agent for routine use at delivery","volume":"2","author":"Docherty","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610903061744","article-title":"The effect of sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin in reducing bleeding after caesarean section","volume":"29","author":"Eftekhari","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1043882","article-title":"Carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in obese nulliparous women undergoing emergency cesarean delivery","volume":"29","author":"El Behery","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-7094(12)70162-9","article-title":"Effects of preoperative sublingual misoprostol on uterine tone during isoflurane anesthesia for cesarean section","volume":"62","author":"El Tahan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Bras Anestesiol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11108.x","article-title":"The misoprostol third stage of labour study: a randomised controlled comparison between orally administered misoprostol and standard management","volume":"107","author":"El-Refaey","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-013-2896-7","article-title":"Carbetocin versus sublingual misoprostol plus oxytocin infusion for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage at cesarean section in patients with risk factors: a randomized, open trail study","volume":"288","author":"Elgafor el Sharkwy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2012.03.038","article-title":"Impact of preoperative rectal misoprostol on blood loss during and after elective cesarean delivery","volume":"118","author":"Elsedeek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2007.00661.x","article-title":"Oral misoprostol for the prevention of primary post-partum hemorrhage during third stage of labor","volume":"33","author":"Enakpene","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2013.07.020","article-title":"A comparison of prophylactic intramuscular ergometrine and oxytocin for women in the third stage of labor","volume":"124","author":"Ezeama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib87","first-page":"218","article-title":"The efficacy of misoprostol in preventing postpartum bleeding","volume":"17","author":"Fararjeh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jinekoloji ve Obstetrik Dergisi"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib88","first-page":"41","article-title":"A comparison of rectal misoprostol and intravenous oxytocin on hemorrhage and homeostatic changes during cesarean section","volume":"22","author":"Fazel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Middle East J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgyn.2009.09.006","article-title":"Benefit of misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Fekih","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(12)60677-8","article-title":"Double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing the effect of carbetocin with oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage among high risk women following vaginal delivery","volume":"119","author":"Fenix","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib91","first-page":"910","article-title":"Prevention of early postpartum hemorrhage by way of oral misoprostol","volume":"18","author":"Fu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nurs Sci"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2005.07.005","article-title":"Oral misoprostol versus injectable methylergometrine in management of the third stage of labor","volume":"91","author":"Garg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1011115","article-title":"Sublingual misoprostol is as effective as intravenous oxytocin to reduce intra-operative blood loss during cesarean delivery in women living at high altitude","volume":"29","author":"Gavilanes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117360","article-title":"Rectal misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery","volume":"185","author":"Gerstenfeld","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05835-4","article-title":"WHO multicentre randomised trial of misoprostol in the management of the third stage of labour","volume":"358","author":"G\u00fclmezoglu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(06)60014-3","article-title":"Rectal misoprostol versus oxytocin in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage \u2013 a pilot study","volume":"94","author":"Gupta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.12.033","article-title":"Buccal misoprostol to prevent hemorrhage at cesarean delivery: a randomized study","volume":"192","author":"Hamm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib98","first-page":"201","article-title":"A randomized comparison of rectal misoprostol with Syntometrine on blood loss in the third stage of labour","volume":"58","author":"Harriott","year":"2009","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10259.x","article-title":"A randomised placebo controlled trial of oral misoprostol in the third stage of labour","volume":"105","author":"Hofmeyr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib100","first-page":"432","article-title":"Side-effects of oral misoprostol in the third stage of labour \u2013 a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"91","author":"Hofmeyr","year":"2001","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2010.08.019","article-title":"Administration of 400 \u00b5g of misoprostol to augment routine active management of the third stage of labor","volume":"112","author":"Hofmeyr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7519.723","article-title":"Effect of sublingual misoprostol on severe postpartum haemorrhage in a primary health centre in Guinea-Bissau: randomised double blind clinical trial","volume":"331","author":"H\u00f8j","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.10.336","article-title":"Additional rectal misoprostol plus intravenous oxytocin versus intravenous oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section","volume":"197","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(12)62007-4","article-title":"Comparison of intramuscular ergometrine and per rectal misoprostol for prophylaxis against atonic post partum haemorrhage","volume":"119","author":"Is","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050701500406","article-title":"Effect of oxytocics on the blood pressure of normotensive Nigerian parturients","volume":"20","author":"Jago","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02800.x","article-title":"A comparison of active management and expectant management of the third stage of labour: a Swedish randomised controlled trial","volume":"118","author":"Jangsten","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2006.11.019","article-title":"Oxytocin in the third stage of labor","volume":"96","author":"Jerbi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib108","first-page":"332","article-title":"Comparison of oral misoprostol and intramuscular methylergonovine for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"12","author":"Jirakulsawas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thai J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)30296-1","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of rectal misoprostol versus oxytocin in third stage management","volume":"24","author":"Karkanis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-6980(79)80034-9","article-title":"The effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on third stage labor","volume":"18","author":"Kerekes","year":"1979","journal-title":"Prostaglandins"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(95)80014-J","article-title":"Abu Dhabi third stage trial: oxytocin versus Syntometrine in the active management of the third stage of labour","volume":"58","author":"Khan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib112","first-page":"42","article-title":"Investigation of the usefulness of methyl ergonovine application in cesarean section cases","volume":"6","author":"Kumru","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Turk Ger Gynecol Asso"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(01)00498-2","article-title":"Misoprostol versus oxytocin in the third stage of labor","volume":"75","author":"Kundodyiwa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-6349.2004.00572.x","article-title":"A pilot-randomized comparison of sublingual misoprostol with Syntometrine on the blood loss in third stage of labor","volume":"83","author":"Lam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2006.05.031","article-title":"Oral misoprostol vs. intravenous oxytocin in reducing blood loss after emergency cesarean delivery","volume":"95","author":"Lapaire","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01105.x","article-title":"A randomised trial of carbetocin versus Syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labour","volume":"113","author":"Leung","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2001.tb01319.x","article-title":"Active management of the third stage at caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial of misoprostol versus Syntocinon","volume":"41","author":"Lokugamage","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08266.x","article-title":"Misoprostol dose-related shivering and pyrexia in the third stage of labour. WHO Collaborative Trial of Misoprostol in the Management of the Third Stage of Labour","volume":"106","author":"Lumbiganon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1011121","article-title":"Carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery in high risk women","volume":"29","author":"Maged","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6913.1167","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of oxytocin alone versus oxytocin and ergometrine in active management of third stage of labour","volume":"307","author":"McDonald","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib121","article-title":"The Salford Third Stage Trial: oxytocin plus ergometrine vs oxytocin alone in the active management of the third stage of labor","volume":"2","author":"Mitchell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Online J Curr Clin Trial"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02807.x","article-title":"Administration of misoprostol by trained traditional birth attendants to prevent postpartum haemorrhage in homebirths in Pakistan: a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"118","author":"Mobeen","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.03022.x","article-title":"Haemodynamic effects of carbetocin and oxytocin given as intravenous bolus on women undergoing caesarean delivery: a randomised trial","volume":"118","author":"Moertl","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/51.2.113","article-title":"Ergometrine or oxytocin? Blood loss and side-effects at spontaneous vertex delivery","volume":"51","author":"Moir","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/48.6.571","article-title":"Ergometrine, oxytocin and extradural analgesia","volume":"48","author":"Moodie","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-012-0330-x","article-title":"Role of misoprostol 600\u2009mcg oral in active management of third stage of labor: a comparative study with oxytocin 10\u2009IU i.m","volume":"63","author":"Mukta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol India"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.01.008","article-title":"Double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing misoprostol and oxytocin for management of the third stage of labor in a Nigerian hospital","volume":"129","author":"Musa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.01.018","article-title":"Rectal misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"105","author":"Nasr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.1.31","article-title":"A multicentre randomized controlled trial of oral misoprostol and i.m. Syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labour","volume":"16","author":"Ng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000095498","article-title":"A double-blind randomized controlled trial of oral misoprostol and intramuscular Syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labor","volume":"63","author":"Ng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2008.00829.x","article-title":"Carbetocin versus syntometrine in prevention of post-partum hemorrhage following vaginal delivery","volume":"35","author":"Nirmala","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1997.tb12020.x","article-title":"Routine oxytocin in the third stage of labour: a placebo controlled randomised trial","volume":"104","author":"Nordstr\u00f6m","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/0144361021000043146","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of misoprostol versus oxytocin in the active management of the third stage of labour","volume":"23","author":"Oboro","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib134","first-page":"460","article-title":"Methergin in the management of the third stage of labor: a comparative clinical trial with Syntometrine and ergometrine","volume":"26","author":"Ogunbode","year":"1979","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res Clin Exp"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2007.11.009","article-title":"A randomized comparative study of prophylactic oxytocin versus ergometrine in the third stage of labor","volume":"101","author":"Orji","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redar.2012.06.013","article-title":"Clinical and pharmacological study of the efficacy of carbetocin in elective caesareans compared to low and usual doses of oxytocin","volume":"60","author":"Ortiz-G\u00f3mez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2010.01399.x","article-title":"Effect of sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin on reducing blood loss at cesarean section in Nigeria: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Owonikoko","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)32029-1","article-title":"Oral misoprostol versus oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour","volume":"28","author":"Parsons","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)32594-4","article-title":"Rectal misoprostol versus oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour","volume":"29","author":"Parsons","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.18597\/rcog.655","article-title":"Active management of childbirth with sublingual misoprostol: a controlled clinical trial in the hospital de maternidad Rafael Calvo","volume":"53","author":"Penaranda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Colomb Obstet Ginecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6659.1295","article-title":"The Bristol third stage trial: active versus physiological management of third stage of labour","volume":"297","author":"Prendiville","year":"1988","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713879","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/713879","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of misoprostol versus oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"2014","author":"Rajaei","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pregnancy"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610902946929","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial comparing the efficacy of intramuscular Syntometrine and intravenous Syntocinon, in preventing postpartum haemorrhage","volume":"29","author":"Rashid","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib144","first-page":"53","article-title":"Misoprostol and third stage of labour","volume":"51","author":"Ray","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol India"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gine.2010.01.001","article-title":"Carbetocin vs. oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage grand multipara patients: randomized controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Reyes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Invest Ginecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)35077-0","article-title":"Carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in patients with severe preeclampsia: a double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Reyes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)09409-9","article-title":"Active versus expectant management of third stage of labour: the Hinchingbrooke randomised controlled trial","volume":"351","author":"Rogers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31829416dd","article-title":"Changes in blood pressure and cardiac output during cesarean delivery: the effects of oxytocin and carbetocin compared with placebo","volume":"119","author":"Rosseland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.10.071","article-title":"Active management of the third stage of labor with routine oxytocin and misoprostol for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"212","author":"Rozenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib150","first-page":"76","article-title":"A randomised clinical trial comparing the efficacy of oxytocin injection and oral misoprostol tablet in the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage in Maiduguri Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Sadiq","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Res J Pharm"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.7881","article-title":"Carbetocin vs. syntometrine in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a double blind randomized control trial","volume":"15","author":"Samimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3126\/kumj.v9i1.6254","article-title":"Rectal misoprostol versus intramuscular oxytocin for prevention of post partum hemorrhage","volume":"9","author":"Shrestha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med J"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.06.007","article-title":"Comparison of sublingual misoprostol, intravenous oxytocin, and intravenous methylergometrine in active management of the third stage of labor","volume":"107","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib154","first-page":"229","article-title":"Different doses of sublingual misoprostol versus methylergometrine for the prevention of atonic postpartum haemorrhage","volume":"1","author":"Soltan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-012-0168-2","article-title":"Sublingual misoprostol to reduce blood loss at cesarean delivery","volume":"62","author":"Sood","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol India"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001524","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001524","article-title":"Effect on postpartum hemorrhage of prophylactic oxytocin (10 IU) by injection by community health officers in Ghana: a community-based, cluster-randomized trial","volume":"10","author":"Stanton","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02226.x","article-title":"Carbetocin versus Syntometrine for the third stage of labour following vaginal delivery \u2013 a double-blind randomised controlled trial","volume":"116","author":"Su","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3329\/jbcps.v25i2.373","article-title":"Misoprostol versus oxytocin in the active management of the third stage of labour","volume":"25","author":"Sultana","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib159","first-page":"255","article-title":"Oral misoprostol vs placebo for third stage of labour","volume":"39","author":"Surbek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gynakol Geburtshilfliche Rundsch"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-013-3026-2","article-title":"Sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin in prevention of post-partum hemorrhage","volume":"289","author":"Tewatia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(93)90048-H","article-title":"Management of the third stage of labour in women at low risk of postpartum haemorrhage","volume":"48","author":"Thilaganathan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2014.899329","article-title":"Sublingual misoprostol to decrease blood loss after caesarean delivery: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Ugwu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib163","first-page":"1020","article-title":"Role of intravenous Syntocinon in prevention of primary postpartum haemorrhage","volume":"6","author":"Un Nisa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pak J Med Health Sci"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib164","first-page":"15","article-title":"Prophylactic misoprostol for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Uncu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib165","first-page":"1134","article-title":"A comparative study to assess the efficacy and tolerability of per rectal misoprostol and intravenous oxytocin in prevention of primary postpartum haemorrhage in a tertiary care hospital","volume":"6","author":"Vagge","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Chem Pharm Res"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-009-1019-y","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of prophylactic sublingual misoprostol versus intramuscular methyl-ergometrine versus intramuscular 15-methyl PGF2alpha in active management of third stage of labor","volume":"280","author":"Vaid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(06)60013-1","article-title":"A double-blind randomized controlled trial to compare sublingual misoprostol with methylergometrine for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"94","author":"Verma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2004.05.016","article-title":"Sublingual misoprostol versus methylergometrine for active management of the third stage of labor","volume":"87","author":"Vimala","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2005.10.008","article-title":"Sublingual misoprostol versus oxytocin infusion to reduce blood loss at cesarean section","volume":"92","author":"Vimala","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11109.x","article-title":"A double-blind placebo controlled randomised trial of misoprostol and oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour","volume":"107","author":"Walley","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib171","first-page":"88","article-title":"Carbetocin versus oxytocin in active labour","volume":"121","author":"Whigham","year":"2014","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1995.tb11288.x","article-title":"A randomised double blind comparison of Syntometrine and Syntocinon in the management of the third stage of labour","volume":"102","author":"Yuen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2005.08.026","article-title":"Oral misoprostol in the third stage of labor","volume":"92","author":"Zachariah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib174","volume-title":"Postpartum Haemorrhage, Prevention and Management","author":"Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG)","year":"2009"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0129044","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129044","article-title":"Oxytocin in Uniject disposable auto-disable injection system versus standard use for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in Latin America and the Caribbean: a cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"10","author":"Pichon-Riviere","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2008.10.011","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of misoprostol and prenatal iron supplementation as maternal mortality interventions in home births in rural India","volume":"104","author":"Sutherland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.11.007","article-title":"Community-based distribution of misoprostol for treatment or prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: cost-effectiveness, mortality, and morbidity reduction analysis","volume":"108","author":"Sutherland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czp020","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of active management of third-stage labour in Vietnam","volume":"24","author":"Tsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2006.12.005","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of misoprostol to control postpartum hemorrhage in low-resource settings","volume":"97","author":"Bradley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1258\/135581904322987535","article-title":"Modelling in the economic evaluation of health care: selecting the appropriate approach","volume":"9","author":"Barton","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Health Serv Res Policy"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib181","volume-title":"Maternity Services in England","author":"Morse","year":"2013"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.01.008","article-title":"Second-line uterotonics and the risk of hemorrhage-related morbidity","volume":"212","author":"Butwick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ogx.0000271137.81361.93","article-title":"Systematic review of conservative management of postpartum hemorrhage: what to do when medical treatment fails","volume":"62","author":"Doumouchtsis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01507.x","article-title":"Peripartum hysterectomy in the UK: management and outcomes of the associated haemorrhage","volume":"114","author":"Knight","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181cfc007","article-title":"Emergency postpartum hysterectomy for uncontrolled postpartum bleeding: a systematic review","volume":"115","author":"Rossi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198526629.001.0001","volume-title":"Decision Modelling for Health Economic Evaluation","author":"Briggs","year":"2006"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib187","volume-title":"NHS Reference Costs 2014\u201315.","author":"Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC)","year":"2015"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib188","volume-title":"NHS Reference Costs 2013\u201314.","author":"Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC)","year":"2014"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib189","volume-title":"BNF 71 (British National Formulary March\u2013September 2016).","author":"Joint Formulary Committee","year":"2016"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib190","volume-title":"NHS Electronic Drug Tariff","author":"NHS Business Services Authority","year":"2016"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib191","volume-title":"Putting NICE Guidance into Practice: Costing Statement Blood Transfusion. Implementing the NICE Guideline on Blood Transfusion.","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)","year":"2015"},{"issue":"40","key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3310\/hta22400","article-title":"MRI versus laparoscopy to diagnose the main causes of chronic pelvic pain in women: a test-accuracy study and economic evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31816569f2","article-title":"Peripartum hysterectomy: 1999 to 2006","volume":"111","author":"Glaze","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-6-52","article-title":"Using and interpreting cost-effectiveness acceptability curves: an example using data from a trial of management strategies for atrial fibrillation","volume":"6","author":"Fenwick","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib195","volume-title":"NICE.","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)","year":"2018"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib196","volume-title":"The Donation Process: What Happens on the Day.","author":"NHS Blood and Transplant","year":"2016"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib197","first-page":"1","article-title":"Saving mothers\u2019 lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006\u20138. The eighth report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom","volume":"118","author":"Cantwell","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib198","volume-title":"Stability of Injectable Oxytocics in Tropical Climates. Results of Field Surveys and Simulation Studies on Ergometrine, Methylergometrine and Oxytocin","author":"Hogerzeil","year":"1993"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib199","volume-title":"Heat-Stable Oxytocin. Technology Opportunity Assessment: Prepared for the Merck for Mothers Program","author":"Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH)","year":"2013"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib200","first-page":"E29","article-title":"The WHO champion trial","volume":"131","author":"G\u00fclmezoglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1805489","article-title":"Heat-stable carbetocin versus oxytocin to prevent hemorrhage after vaginal birth","volume":"379","author":"Widmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib202","volume-title":"Intramuscular Oxytocics: A Comparison Study of Intramuscular Carbetocin, Syntocinon and Syntometrine for the Third Stage of Labour Following Vaginal Birth (IMox).","author":"Draycott","year":"2014"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib203","volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions","author":"Fleiss","year":"1981","edition":"1st edn"},{"key":"key20190227135913932_ref1-bib204","volume-title":"Uterotonic Agents for Preventing Postpartum Haemorrhage: A Network Meta-analysis"}],"container-title":["Health Technology Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/hta23090\/hta23090.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2003450","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/hta23090\/hta23090.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2028596","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T08:28:25Z","timestamp":1721032105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/hta\/hta23090"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"references-count":204,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3310\/hta23090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/hta23090","relation":{},"ISSN":["1366-5278","2046-4924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1366-5278","type":"print"},{"value":"2046-4924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made freely available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}