{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T23:07:53Z","timestamp":1788563273365,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","issue":"62","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/non-commercial-government-licence\/non-commercial-government-licence.htm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["08\/116\/69"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08\/116\/69"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Myeloma causes profound immunodeficiency and recurrent serious infections. There are approximately 5500 new UK cases of myeloma per annum, and one-quarter of patients will have a serious infection within 3 months of diagnosis. Newly diagnosed patients may benefit from antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent infection. However, the use of prophylaxis has not been established in myeloma and may be associated with health-care-associated infections (HCAIs), such as<jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic>. There is a need to assess the benefits and cost-effectiveness of the use of antibacterial prophylaxis against any risks in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\"><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the risks, benefits and cost-effectiveness of prophylactic levofloxacin in newly diagnosed symptomatic myeloma patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A central telephone randomisation service used a minimisation computer algorithm to allocate treatments in a 1\u2009:\u20091 ratio.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 93 NHS hospitals throughout England, Northern Ireland and Wales.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\"><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 977 patients with newly diagnosed symptomatic myeloma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\"><jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients were randomised to receive levofloxacin or placebo tablets for 12 weeks at the start of antimyeloma treatment. Treatment allocation was blinded and balanced by centre, estimated glomerular filtration rate and intention to give high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation. Follow-up was at 4-week intervals up to 16 weeks, with a further follow-up at 1 year.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\"><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary outcome was to assess the number of febrile episodes (or deaths) in the first 12 weeks from randomisation. Secondary outcomes included number of deaths and infection-related deaths, days in hospital, carriage and invasive infections, response to antimyeloma treatment and its relation to infection, quality of life and overall survival within the first 12 weeks and beyond.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 977 patients were randomised (levofloxacin,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009489; placebo,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009488). A total of 134 (27%) events (febrile episodes,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009119; deaths,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915) occurred in the placebo arm and 95 (19%) events (febrile episodes,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200991; deaths,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094) occurred in the levofloxacin arm; the hazard ratio for time to first event (febrile episode or death) within the first 12 weeks was 0.66 (95% confidence interval 0.51 to 0.86;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002). Levofloxacin also reduced other infections (144 infections from 116 patients) compared with placebo (179 infections from 133 patients;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-trend of 0.06). There was no difference in new acquisitions of<jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>, methicillin-resistant<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Gram-negative organisms when assessed up to 16 weeks. Levofloxacin produced slightly higher quality-adjusted life-year gains over 16 weeks, but had associated higher costs for health resource use. With a median follow-up of 52 weeks, there was no significant difference in overall survival (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.94).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-9\"><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>Short duration of prophylactic antibiotics and cost-effectiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-10\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the 12 weeks from new diagnosis, the addition of prophylactic levofloxacin to active myeloma treatment significantly reduced febrile episodes and deaths without increasing HCAIs or carriage. Future work should aim to establish the optimal duration of antibiotic prophylaxis and should involve the laboratory investigation of immunity, inflammation and disease activity on stored samples funded by the TEAMM (Tackling Early Morbidity and Mortality in Myeloma) National Institute for Health Research Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation grant (reference number 14\/24\/04).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-11\"><jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN51731976.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-12\"><jats:title>Funding details<\/jats:title><jats:p>This project was funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in<jats:italic>Health Technology Assessment<\/jats:italic>; Vol. 23, No. 62. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/hta23620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T09:07:13Z","timestamp":1573031233000},"page":"1-94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prophylactic levofloxacin to prevent infections in newly diagnosed symptomatic myeloma: the TEAMM RCT"],"prefix":"10.3310","volume":"23","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn51731976","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn","type":"results"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1528-7564","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark T","family":"Drayson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, 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