{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:00:26Z","timestamp":1782968426135,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/non-commercial-government-licence\/non-commercial-government-licence.htm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18\/13\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/13\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cryptogenic stroke is a stroke for which no cause is identified after standard diagnostic tests. Long-term implantable cardiac monitors may be better at diagnosing atrial fibrillation and provide an opportunity to reduce the risk of stroke recurrence with anticoagulants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\"><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objectives were to assess the diagnostic test accuracy, clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of three implantable monitors [BioMonitor 2-AF\u2122 (Biotronik SE &amp; Co. KG, Berlin, Germany), Confirm Rx\u2122 (Abbott Laboratories, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) and Reveal LINQ\u2122 (Medtronic plc, Minneapolis, MN, USA)] in patients who have had a cryptogenic stroke and for whom no atrial fibrillation is detected after 24 hours of external electrocardiographic monitoring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\"><jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title><jats:p>MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects and Health Technology Assessment databases were searched from inception until September 2018.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\"><jats:title>Review methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic review was undertaken. Two reviewers agreed on studies for inclusion and performed quality assessment using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. Results were discussed narratively because there were insufficient data for synthesis. A two-stage de novo economic model was developed: (1) a short-term patient flow model to identify cryptogenic stroke patients who have had atrial fibrillation detected and been prescribed anticoagulation treatment (rather than remaining on antiplatelet treatment) and (2) a long-term Markov model that captured the lifetime costs and benefits of patients on either anticoagulation or antiplatelet treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One randomised controlled trial, Cryptogenic Stroke and underlying Atrial Fibrillation (CRYSTAL-AF) (Sanna T, Diener HC, Passman RS, Di Lazzaro V, Bernstein RA, Morillo CA,<jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation.<jats:italic>N Engl J Med<\/jats:italic>2014;<jats:bold>370<\/jats:bold>:2478\u201386), was identified, and no diagnostic test accuracy study was identified. The CRYSTAL-AF trial compared the Reveal\u2122 XT (a Reveal LINQ predecessor) (Medtronic plc) monitor with standard of care monitoring. Twenty-six single-arm observational studies for the Reveal devices were also identified. The only data for BioMonitor 2-AF or Confirm Rx were from mixed population studies supplied by the companies. Atrial fibrillation detection in the CRYSTAL-AF trial was higher with the Reveal XT than with standard monitoring at all time points. By 36 months, atrial fibrillation was detected in 19% of patients with an implantable cardiac monitor and in 2.3% of patients receiving conventional follow-up. The 26 observational studies demonstrated that, even in a cryptogenic stroke population, atrial fibrillation detection rates are highly variable and most cases are asymptomatic; therefore, they probably would not have been picked up without an implantable cardiac monitor. Device-related adverse events, such as pain and infection, were low in all studies. The de novo economic model produced incremental cost effectiveness ratios comparing implantable cardiac monitors with standard of care monitoring to detect atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke patients based on data for the Reveal XT device, which can be related to Reveal LINQ. The BioMonitor 2-AF and Confirm RX were included in the analysis by making a strong assumption of equivalence with Reveal LINQ. The results indicate that implantable cardiac monitors could be considered cost-effective at a \u00a320,000\u201330,000 threshold. When each device is compared incrementally, BioMonitor 2-AF dominates Reveal LINQ and Confirm RX.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\"><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cost-effectiveness analysis for implantable cardiac monitors is based on a strong assumption of clinical equivalence and should be interpreted with caution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>All three implantable cardiac monitors could be considered cost-effective at a \u00a320,000\u201330,000 threshold, compared with standard of care monitoring, for cryptogenic stroke patients with no atrial fibrillation detected after 24 hours of external electrocardiographic monitoring; however, further clinical studies are required to confirm their efficacy in cryptogenic stroke patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\"><jats:title>Study registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42018109216.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-9\"><jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title><jats:p>This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in<jats:italic>Health Technology Assessment<\/jats:italic>; Vol. 24, No. 5. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/hta24050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]],"date-time":"2020-01-16T13:39:24Z","timestamp":1579181964000},"page":"1-184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Implantable cardiac monitors to detect atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke: a systematic review and economic evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3310","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9049-3421","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steven J","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"British Medical Journal (BMJ) Technology Assessment Group, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2058-6411","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Victoria","family":"Wakefield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Medical Journal (BMJ) Technology Assessment Group, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8041-0346","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tracey","family":"Jhita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Medical Journal (BMJ) Technology Assessment Group, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0623-6087","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kayleigh","family":"Kew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Medical Journal (BMJ) Technology Assessment Group, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8580-9391","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Cain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Medical Journal (BMJ) Technology Assessment Group, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9365-0384","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gemma","family":"Marceniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Medical Journal (BMJ) Technology Assessment Group, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib1","volume-title":"Implantable Cardiac Monitors (BioMonitor 2-AF, Confirm Rx Insertable Cardiac Monitor and Reveal LINQ Insertable Cardiac Monitoring System) to Detect Atrial Fibrillation After Cryptogenic Stroke [GID-DG10023]. Final Scope: September 2018","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib2","volume-title":"Deaths Registered in England and Wales (Series DR): 2017. Registered Deaths by Age, Sex, Selected Underlying Causes of Death and the Leading Causes of Death for Both Males and Females","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2018"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00195-6","article-title":"Changes in health in England, with analysis by English regions and areas of deprivation, 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"386","author":"Newton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib4","unstructured":"Royal College of Physicians, Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP). Rising to the Challenge: The Fourth SSNAP Annual Report. 2015. URL: www.strokeaudit.org\/Documents\/AnnualReport\/2016-17-SSNAP-Annual-Report.aspx (accessed 2 January 2019)."},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib5","volume-title":"Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack in Over 16s: Diagnosis and Initial Management","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2019"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00037","article-title":"Embolic strokes of unknown source and cryptogenic stroke: implications in clinical practice","volume":"7","author":"Nouh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1000","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7384.1","article-title":"Diagnosis, prognosis, and management of cryptogenic stroke","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.2.333","article-title":"Long-term risk of recurrent stroke after a first-ever stroke. The Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project","volume":"25","author":"Burn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.602615","article-title":"Risk and cumulative risk of stroke recurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Mohan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib10","volume-title":"Cryptogenic Stroke: Etiology, Diagnosis & Recurrent Preventive Management","author":"National Stroke Association","year":"2014"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib11","volume-title":"Overview: Atrial Fibrillation","author":"NHS","year":"2018"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib12","volume-title":"Atrial Fibrillation Prevalence Estimates in England: Application of Recent Population Estimates of AF in Sweden","author":"Public Health England","year":"2017"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.22.8.983","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study","volume":"22","author":"Wolf","year":"1991","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.06.012","article-title":"A comparison of atrial fibrillation monitoring strategies after cryptogenic stroke (from the Cryptogenic Stroke and Underlying AF Trial)","volume":"116","author":"Choe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.06.039","article-title":"Long-term detection of atrial fibrillation with insertable cardiac monitors in a real-world cryptogenic stroke population","volume":"244","author":"Ziegler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib16","volume-title":"Atrial Fibrillation","author":"National Stroke Association"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.008714","article-title":"Atrial premature beats predict atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke: results from the EMBRACE trial","volume":"46","author":"Gladstone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.109.849638","article-title":"The relationship between daily atrial tachyarrhythmia burden from implantable device diagnostics and stroke risk: the TRENDS study","volume":"2","author":"Glotzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib19","volume-title":"Atrial Fibrillation: Management","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2014"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw210","article-title":"2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS","volume":"37","author":"Kirchhof","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-1584","article-title":"Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation","volume":"137","author":"Lip","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib22","volume-title":"NICE Pathway: Preventing Stroke in People with Atrial Fibrillation","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2018"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib23","volume-title":"BioMonitor 2-AF\/-S","author":"Biotronik SE & Co. KG","year":"2018"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib24","unstructured":"St. Jude Medical. Confirm Rx\u2122 Model DM3500 Insertable Cardiac Monitor: User\u2019s Manual. Little Canada, MN: St. Jude Medical, LLC; 2019."},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib25","volume-title":"Reveal LINQ ICM System","author":"Medtronic plc","year":"2018"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib26","volume-title":"Help Manual for the Following Devices: SJM Confirm\u2122 Implantable Cardiac Monitor; Confirm Rx\u2122 Insertable Cardiac Monitor","author":"St. Jude Medical","year":"2016"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib27","volume-title":"Cardiac Arrhythmia and Heart Failure: Product Performance Report 2018 First Edition","author":"Abbott Laboratories","year":"2018"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.21925\/mplsheartjournal-D-17-00012","article-title":"Evolution of implantable cardiac monitors: a comparison of Reveal XT and LINQ patient selection, arrhythmia detection, and clinical outcomes","volume":"1","author":"Sethi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib29","volume-title":"CRD\u2019s Guidance for Undertaking Reviews in Healthcare","author":"Centre for Reviews and Dissemination","year":"2011"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib30","volume-title":"Diagnostics Assessment Programme Manual","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2011"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib31","volume-title":"Screening and Diagnostic Tests. Handbook for DTA Reviews","author":"Cochrane Methods","year":"2018"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib32","volume-title":"Implantable Cardiac Monitors (BioMonitor 2-AF, Confirm Rx Insertable Cardiac Monitor and Reveal LINQ Insertable Cardiac Monitoring System) to Detect Atrial Fibrillation After Cryptogenic Stroke. DAR Protocol","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib33","volume-title":"Protocol: Implantable cardiac monitors (BioMonitor 2-AF, Confirm Rx insertable cardiac monitor and Reveal LINQ Insertable Cardiac Monitoring System) to detect atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke: a diagnostic assessment review","author":"Wakefield"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f321","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eux272","article-title":"Adapting detection sensitivity based on evidence of irregular sinus arrhythmia to improve atrial fibrillation detection in insertable cardiac monitors","volume":"20","author":"P\u00fcrerfellner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib35","volume-title":"Revised Cochrane Risk-Of-Bias Tool for Randomized Trials (RoB 2)","author":"Higgins","year":"2018"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"155","author":"Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1313600","article-title":"Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation","volume":"370","author":"Sanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.13470","article-title":"Subclinical atrial fibrillation in patients with recent transient ischemic attack","volume":"29","author":"Pedersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib39","volume-title":"Rate of Atrial Fibrillation Through 12 Months in Patients With Recent Ischemic Stroke of Presumed Known Origin","author":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib40","volume-title":"Detection of Silent Atrial Fibrillation aFter Ischemic StrOke (SAFFO)","author":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib41","volume-title":"Atrial Fibrillation in Cryptogenic Stroke and TIA (NOR-FIB)","author":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib42","volume-title":"Confirm Rx\u2122 Versus Reveal LINQ\u2122 - Which is More Reliable in Data Transmission? A Randomized Clinical Study","author":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib43","volume-title":"\u201cCryptogenic Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation Detection Through Implantable Loop Recorder (ILR)\u201d (CRYPTONITE)","author":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib44","volume-title":"Detection of Occult Paroxysmal AF in Cryptogenic Stroke or TIA Patients Using an Implantable Loop Recorder and Correlation With Genetic Markers","author":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib45","volume-title":"Confirm Rx SMART Registry","author":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib46","volume-title":"Extended Rhythm SCreening for AtRial Fibrillation in Cryptogenic Stroke Patients (SCARF)","author":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib47","volume-title":"Post-Embolic Rhythm Detection With Implantable Versus External Monitoring (PERDIEM)","author":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2010.03.032","article-title":"Cryptogenic Stroke and underlying Atrial Fibrillation (CRYSTAL AF): design and rationale","volume":"160","author":"Sinha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003333","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.003333","article-title":"Uncovering atrial fibrillation beyond short-term monitoring in cryptogenic stroke patients: three-year results from the Cryptogenic Stroke and underlying Atrial Fibrillation trial","volume":"9","author":"Brachmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.109.877852","article-title":"Performance of a new leadless implantable cardiac monitor in detecting and quantifying atrial fibrillation: results of the XPECT trial","volume":"3","author":"Hindricks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib51","first-page":"25","article-title":"Predictors for detection of atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke patients: insights from insertable cardiac monitor data in the CRYSTAL AF study","volume":"9","author":"Thijs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2018.08.033","article-title":"Prevalence of atrial fibrillation with insertable cardiac monitors in cryptogenic stroke: a single-center experience","volume":"51","author":"Asaithambi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib53","first-page":"S438","article-title":"Detection of atrial fibrillation following acute cryptogenic stroke using the insertable cardiac monitor Reveal LINQ","volume":"1","author":"Chalfoun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib54","first-page":"S158","article-title":"Pattern of atrial fibrillation detected during long-term ECG monitoring by implantable cardiac monitors in patients with cryptogenic stroke","volume":"14","author":"Ferrara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib55","first-page":"S512","article-title":"Racial differences in the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke \u2013 a two-center study","volume":"15","author":"Heckle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib56","first-page":"457","article-title":"Risk factors for atrial fibrillation in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS)","volume":"3","author":"Kotlarz-Bottcher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2018.05.002","article-title":"A single center experience on the clinical utility evaluation of an insertable cardiac monitor","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.03.019","article-title":"High incidence of occult atrial fibrillation in Asian patients with cryptogenic stroke","volume":"27","author":"Seow","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"WP230","DOI":"10.1161\/str.48.suppl_1.wp230","article-title":"Real-life detection rate of insertable cardiac monitors in patients with ESUS","volume":"48","author":"Pallesen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.08.022","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and flutter detection after cryptogenic ischemic stroke","volume":"27","author":"Carrazco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib61","first-page":"229","article-title":"Impact of CHA2DS2VASc score on atrial fibrillation detection in patients with cryptogenic stroke","volume":"134","author":"Abichandani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12843","article-title":"Insertable cardiac monitors after cryptogenic stroke \u2013 a risk factor based approach to enhance the detection rate for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation","volume":"23","author":"Poli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W P194","DOI":"10.1161\/str.46.suppl_1.wp194","article-title":"Improved efficacy of ICM detection of atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke patients with MRI-defined infarcts: preliminary results from the SPIDER registry","volume":"46","author":"Joseph","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P1.053","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.84.14_supplement.P1.053","article-title":"Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation detection rates in cryptogenic stroke patients selected by stroke specialists for prolonged cardiac monitoring (P1.053)","volume":"84","author":"Salahuddin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12400","article-title":"Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation occurs often in cryptogenic ischaemic stroke. Final results from the SURPRISE study","volume":"21","author":"Christensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828f1828","article-title":"Incidence of atrial fibrillation detected by implantable loop recorders in unexplained stroke","volume":"80","author":"Cotter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.001340","article-title":"Insertable cardiac event recorder in detection of atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke: an audit report","volume":"44","author":"Etgen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"TP219","DOI":"10.1161\/str.44.suppl_1.ATP219","article-title":"Implantation with Reveal XT after cryptogenic stroke is a useful tool to detect previously undiagnosed atrial fibrillation","volume":"44","author":"Holtzman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rec.2013.02.001","article-title":"Implantable loop recorder: a new tool in the diagnosis of cryptogenic stroke","volume":"66","author":"Merc\u00e9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cardiol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-016-1029-2","article-title":"Total atrial conduction time to predict occult atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke","volume":"106","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13538","article-title":"Refinement of detecting atrial fibrillation in stroke patients: results from the TRACK-AF Study","volume":"25","author":"Reinke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.676189","article-title":"Occult atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke: detection by 7-day electrocardiogram versus implantable cardiac monitors","volume":"44","author":"Ritter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.5706.2013187","article-title":"High performance of an implantable Holter monitor in the detection of concealed paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke and a suspected embolic mechanism","volume":"57","author":"Rojo-Martinez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1160\/TH17-02-0072","article-title":"Detection of atrial fibrillation in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source by prolonged monitoring with implantable loop recorders","volume":"117","author":"Israel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.13089","article-title":"Performance of an implantable cardiac monitor to detect atrial fibrillation: results of the DETECT AF study","volume":"27","author":"N\u00f6lker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028845","article-title":"Subclinical atrial fibrillation in older patients","volume":"136","author":"Healey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib77","unstructured":"Biotronik SE & Co. KG. BioMonitor 2 Study Report I. Berlin: Biotronik SE & Co. KG; 2017. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 31 August 2018, personal communication."},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2017.09.005","article-title":"BioMonitor 2 pilot study: early experience with implantation of the Biotronik BioMonitor 2 implantable cardiac monitor","volume":"27","author":"Ooi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib79","unstructured":"Biotronik SE & Co. KG. Results of the post market observation (PMO)-FIT (fast insertion tool) update for BioMonitor 2. Berlin: Biotronik SE & Co. KG; 2017. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 31 August 2018, personal communication."},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2018.05.017","article-title":"The BioMonitor 2 insertable cardiac monitor: clinical experience with a novel implantable cardiac monitor","volume":"51","author":"Reinsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib81","volume-title":"Clinical evaluation of a small insertable cardiac monitor with a long sensing vector","author":"Piorkowski","year":"2018"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib82","unstructured":"Biotronik SE & Co. KG. BioMonitor 2 Study Report II. Berlin: Biotronik SE & Co. KG; 2017. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 31 August 2018, personal communication."},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib83","unstructured":"Biotronik SE & Co. KG. BioInsight study final report. Berlin: Biotronik SE & Co. KG; 2017 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 31 August 2018, personal communication."},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib84","volume-title":"BioMonitor 2 In-office setting insertion safety and feasibility evaluation with device functionality assessment: results from the BioInsight study","author":"Awad","year":"2018"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.12752","article-title":"Safety profile of a miniaturized insertable cardiac monitor: results from two prospective trials","volume":"38","author":"Mittal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.02.030","article-title":"Miniaturized Reveal LINQ insertable cardiac monitoring system: first-in-human experience","volume":"12","author":"P\u00fcrerfellner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.03.005","article-title":"Performance of a new atrial fibrillation detection algorithm in a miniaturized insertable cardiac monitor: results from the Reveal LINQ Usability Study","volume":"13","author":"Sanders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib88","volume-title":"Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes","author":"Drummond","year":"1997","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib89","volume-title":"Monitoring for Atrial Fibrillation in Discharged Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack Patients: A Clinical and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and Review of Patient Preferences","author":"De Angelis","year":"2016"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493015620803","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of an insertable cardiac monitor to detect atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke","volume":"11","author":"Diamantopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2017.08.1053","article-title":"Clinical and economic value of device-based detection of atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke","volume":"20","author":"Maervoet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2017.08.1075","article-title":"Insertable cardiac monitor versus standard of care for detection of atrial fibrillation in patients following cryptogenic stroke: a Dutch cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"20","author":"Quiroz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-ANZAN.12","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of long-term continuous monitoring with an insertable cardiac monitor to detect atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke: an Australian payer perspective","volume":"89","author":"Thijs","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu006","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of apixaban vs. current standard of care for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"35","author":"Dorian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2013.12.011","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of apixaban versus other new oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation","volume":"36","author":"Lip","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000080678.09344.8D","article-title":"Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the general population: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Ariesen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0905561","article-title":"Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"361","author":"Connolly","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70092-3","article-title":"Apixaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a subgroup analysis of the ARISTOTLE trial","volume":"11","author":"Easton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107039","article-title":"Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"365","author":"Granger","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70042-X","article-title":"Rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a subgroup analysis of ROCKET AF","volume":"11","author":"Hankey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib101","volume-title":"National Life Tables: England","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2018"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a9f45f","article-title":"Quality of life after TIA and stroke: ten-year results of the Oxford Vascular Study","volume":"81","author":"Luengo-Fernandez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X11401031","article-title":"Catalogue of EQ-5D scores for the United Kingdom","volume":"31","author":"Sullivan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib104","volume-title":"NHS Reference Costs 2012 to 2013","author":"Department of Health and Social Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3310\/hta24030","article-title":"Lead-I ECG for detecting atrial fibrillation in patients with an irregular pulse using single time point testing: a systematic review and economic evaluation","volume":"24","author":"Duarte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"issue":"9","key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta21090","article-title":"Oral anticoagulants for primary prevention, treatment and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolic disease, and for prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation: systematic review, network meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"21","author":"Sterne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"issue":"29","key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta21290","article-title":"Screening strategies for atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"21","author":"Welton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib108","volume-title":"British National Formulary","author":"Joint Formulary Committee","year":"2015"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib109","volume-title":"NHS Reference Costs","author":"Department of Health and Social Care","year":"2018"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib110","volume-title":"Consumer Price Inflation Index for Medical Services (DKC3)","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2018"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib111","volume-title":"Rivaroxaban for the Prevention of Stroke and Systemic Embolism in People with Atrial Fibrillation","author":"National institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2012"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17030390","article-title":"Long-term treatment with citicoline prevents cognitive decline and predicts a better quality of life after a first ischemic stroke","volume":"17","author":"Alvarez-Sab\u00edn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1159\/000319027","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in patients with a history of myocardial infarction and stroke","volume":"31","author":"Bach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000208","article-title":"Sex differences in quality of life after ischemic stroke","volume":"82","author":"Bushnell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8119-y","article-title":"Predictors of functional level and quality of life at 6 months after a first-ever stroke: the KOSCO study","volume":"263","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.538967","article-title":"Quality of life after intracerebral hemorrhage: results of the Factor Seven for Acute Hemorrhagic Stroke (FAST) trial","volume":"40","author":"Christensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-11-34","article-title":"Mapping health outcome measures from a stroke registry to EQ-5D weights","volume":"11","author":"Ghatnekar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-014-0834-1","article-title":"Validity of EQ-5D-5L in stroke","volume":"24","author":"Golicki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-014-0873-7","article-title":"Comparing responsiveness of the EQ-5D-5L, EQ-5D-3L and EQ VAS in stroke patients","volume":"24","author":"Golicki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000196990.69412.fb","article-title":"Long-term outcome after stroke: evaluating health-related quality of life using utility measurements","volume":"37","author":"Haacke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-3024-5","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of apixaban and warfarin in the prevention of thromboembolic complications among atrial fibrillation patients","volume":"5","author":"Hallinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e3282f37a22","article-title":"Utility loss and indirect costs after stroke in Sweden","volume":"15","author":"Lindgren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-315","article-title":"Social and economic costs and health-related quality of life in stroke survivors in the Canary Islands, Spain","volume":"12","author":"Lopez-Bastida","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-012-0402-y","article-title":"Can EQ-5D and 15D be used interchangeably in economic evaluations? Assessing quality of life in post-stroke patients","volume":"14","author":"Lunde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000087204","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of thrombolytic treatment for stroke","volume":"20","author":"Mar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-015-0230-8","article-title":"Outcomes measured by mortality rates, quality of life and degree of autonomy in the first year in stroke units in Spain","volume":"13","author":"Mar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-004-3928-3","article-title":"Responsiveness of generic health-related quality of life measures in stroke","volume":"14","author":"Pickard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000110984.91157.BD","article-title":"Agreement between patient and proxy assessments of health-related quality of life after stroke using the EQ-5D and Health Utilities Index","volume":"35","author":"Pickard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008220","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008220","article-title":"The burden of stroke in the Netherlands: estimating quality of life and costs for 1 year poststroke","volume":"5","author":"van Eeden","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000240506.34616.10","article-title":"Impact of stroke on health-related quality of life in the noninstitutionalized population in the United States","volume":"37","author":"Xie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-010-9591-y","article-title":"Factors determining utility measured with the EQ-5D in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"19","author":"Berg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eus102","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of quality of life in an elderly population (75 years and over) with atrial fibrillation: secondary analysis of data from the Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Treatment of the Aged study","volume":"14","author":"Roalfe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006703","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006703","article-title":"Impact of spontaneous extracranial bleeding events on health state utility in patients with atrial fibrillation: results from the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199711000-00002","article-title":"Modelling valuations for EuroQol health states","volume":"35","author":"Dolan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi505","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation management: a prospective survey in ESC member countries: the Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"26","author":"Nieuwlaat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/1358836X9800300314","article-title":"Results of the CAPRIE trial: efficacy and safety of clopidogrel. Clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events","volume":"3","author":"Creager","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k5108","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k5108","article-title":"Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for acute minor ischaemic stroke or high risk transient ischaemic attack: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"363","author":"Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004301","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004301","article-title":"Systematic review and network meta-analysis comparing antithrombotic agents for the prevention of stroke and major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"4","author":"Cameron","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib139","volume-title":"Explore England\u2019s Prescribing Data","author":"EBM DataLab University of Oxford"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib140","volume-title":"Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2018","author":"Curtis"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euv217","article-title":"Cost comparison of two implantable cardiac monitors in two different settings: Reveal XT in a catheterization laboratory vs. Reveal LINQ in a procedure room","volume":"18","author":"Kanters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib142","volume-title":"British National Formulary","author":"Joint Formulary Committee","year":"2018"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2012.00812.x","article-title":"Population-based study of acute- and long-term care costs after stroke in patients with AF","volume":"8","author":"Luengo-Fernandez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1629","article-title":"The efficiency frontier approach to economic evaluation of health-care interventions","volume":"19","author":"Caro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib145","volume-title":"Guide to the Methods of Technology Appraisal 2013","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib146","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"Team","year":"2016"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2","volume-title":"Modern Applied Statistics with S","author":"Venables","year":"2002","edition":"4th"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib148","volume-title":"Study of Continuous Cardiac Monitoring to Assess Atrial Fibrillation After Cryptogenic Stroke (CRYSTAL-AF)","author":"Medtronic Cardiac Rhythm and Heart Failure","year":"2014"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib149","first-page":"S17","article-title":"A comparison of monitoring strategies for the detection of atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke: results from the CRYSTAL AF study","volume":"1","author":"Passman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1159\/000090531","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors and 5-year mortality in the Copenhagen Stroke Study","volume":"21","author":"Kammersgaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.507145","article-title":"Escalating levels of access to in-hospital care and stroke mortality","volume":"39","author":"Saposnik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.630731","article-title":"Thirty-day mortality after ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation on and off anticoagulants","volume":"43","author":"Fang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.11912","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation and the risk of myocardial infarction","volume":"174","author":"Soliman","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-12-200706190-00007","article-title":"Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation","volume":"146","author":"Hart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000267275.68538.8d","article-title":"Independent predictors of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review","volume":"69","author":"Stroke Risk in Atrial Fibrillation Working Group","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h3786","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h3786","article-title":"Real world effectiveness of warfarin among ischemic stroke patients with atrial fibrillation: observational analysis from Patient-Centered Research into Outcomes Stroke Patients Prefer and Effectiveness Research (PROSPER) study","volume":"351","author":"Xian","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61233-1","article-title":"Warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in an elderly community population with atrial fibrillation (the Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Treatment of the Aged Study, BAFTA): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"370","author":"Mant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.001921","article-title":"Stroke and bleeding risk associated with antithrombotic therapy for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in clinical practice","volume":"4","author":"An","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.20.2685","article-title":"Anticoagulation therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: how well do randomized trials translate into clinical practice?","volume":"290","author":"Go","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.156.4.409","article-title":"Bleeding during antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators","volume":"156","author":"The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70274-X","article-title":"Dabigatran compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous transient ischaemic attack or stroke: a subgroup analysis of the RE-LY trial","volume":"9","author":"Diener","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.646091","article-title":"Cost avoidance associated with optimal stroke care in Canada","volume":"43","author":"Krueger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.07.028","article-title":"Warfarin persistence among stroke patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"136","author":"Bjorck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000920","article-title":"Economic evaluation of percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion, dabigatran, and warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation","volume":"127","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100015638","article-title":"Impact of disability status on ischemic stroke costs in Canada in the first year","volume":"39","author":"Mittmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeoa.2014.05.002","article-title":"Direct healthcare costs of acute myocardial infarction in Canada\u2019s elderly across the continuum of care","volume":"3","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Econ Ageing"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib167","volume-title":"Drugs Funded by Ontario Drug Benefit (ODB) Program: e-formulary","year":"2015"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib168","unstructured":"Ontario Drug Benefit Program: Dispensing Fees. Toronto, ON: Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care; 2015. URL: http:\/\/www.health.gov.on.ca\/en\/public\/programs\/drugs\/programs\/odb\/opdp_dispensing_fees.aspx"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib169","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI). National Health Expenditure Trends, 1975 to 2014. Ottawa: CIHI; 2014."},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2009.04.007","article-title":"Cost trajectories at the end of life: the Canadian experience","volume":"38","author":"Fassbender","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0121759","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121759","article-title":"The health care cost of dying: a population-based retrospective cohort study of the last year of life in Ontario, Canada","volume":"10","author":"Tanuseputro","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.69.4.487","article-title":"Are the modified \u201csimple questions\u201d a valid and reliable measure of health related quality of life after stroke? United Kingdom Collaborators in the International Stroke Trial","volume":"69","author":"Dorman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1996.00440150083009","article-title":"The effect of stroke and stroke prophylaxis with aspirin or warfarin on quality of life","volume":"156","author":"Gage","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1586\/14737167.2013.841545","article-title":"A systematic literature review of cardiovascular event utilities","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3109\/14017431.2014.923581","article-title":"Health-related quality of life after myocardial infarction, does choice of method make a difference?","volume":"48","author":"Bohmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand Cardiovasc J"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2014.910544","article-title":"Patient-reported outcomes after acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage","volume":"49","author":"Bager","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib177","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. National Life Tables, 2011\u20132013. Newport: Office for National Statistics; 2014. URL: www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/lifeexpectancies\/bulletins\/nationallifetablesunitedkingdom\/2014-09-25"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1159\/000151678","article-title":"The prognostic value of the modified Rankin Scale score for long-term survival after first-ever stroke. Results from the Athens Stroke Registry","volume":"26","author":"Huybrechts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1161\/hs0901.094253","article-title":"Long-term survival and causes of death after stroke","volume":"32","author":"Br\u00f8nnum-Hansen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70017-0","article-title":"Apixaban versus aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a predefined subgroup analysis from AVERROES, a randomised trial","volume":"11","author":"Diener","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.673558","article-title":"Nonvitamin-K-antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"43","author":"Ntaios","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92358-Z","article-title":"Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke","volume":"342","author":"European Atrial Fibrillation Trial (EAFT) Study Group","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-12-1036","article-title":"Stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation","volume":"76","author":"Pisters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000145172.55640.93","article-title":"Selecting patients with atrial fibrillation for anticoagulation: stroke risk stratification in patients taking aspirin","volume":"110","author":"Gage","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.170456","article-title":"Frequency and predictors for the risk of stroke recurrence up to 10 years after stroke: the South London Stroke Register","volume":"80","author":"Mohan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2010.00700.x","article-title":"Populating an economic model with health state utility values: moving toward better practice","volume":"13","author":"Ara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-003-0182-5","article-title":"A single European currency for EQ-5D health states","volume":"4","author":"Greiner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econom"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib188","volume-title":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Calculating the U.S. Population-based EQ-5D Index Score","year":"2005"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200503000-00003","article-title":"US valuation of the EQ-5D health states: development and testing of the D2 valuation model","volume":"43","author":"Shaw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000182493.57090.c1","article-title":"Self-reported health status of the general adult US population as assessed by the EQ-5D and Health Utilities Index","volume":"43","author":"Luo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2009.00596.x","article-title":"Valuation of EQ-5D health states in Poland: First TTO-based social value set in Central and Eastern Europe","volume":"13","author":"Golicki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vhri.2014.06.001","article-title":"Interim EQ-5D-5L value set for Poland: First crosswalk value set in Central and Eastern Europe","volume":"4","author":"Golicki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Value Health Reg Issues"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2012.02.008","article-title":"Interim scoring for the EQ-5D-5L: Mapping the EQ-5D-5L to EQ-5D-3L value sets","volume":"15","author":"van Hout","year":"2012","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib194","volume-title":"Methodology report. Health 2000 survey. Publications of the National Public Health Institute B26","author":"Heistaro","year":"2008"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib195","first-page":"S79","article-title":"La versi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola del EuroQol: descripci\u00f3n y aplicaciones","volume":"112","author":"Bad\u00eda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med Clin"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib196","first-page":"1574","article-title":"Measuring the quality of life in economic evaluations: the Dutch EQ-5D tariff","volume":"149","author":"Lamers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"key":"key20200115141831587_ref1-bib197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8510(90)90421-9","article-title":"Euro-Qol: a new facility for measurement of health-related quality of life","volume":"16","author":"The EuroQol Group","year":"1990","journal-title":"Health Policy"}],"container-title":["Health Technology Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/hta24050\/hta24050.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2010726","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/hta24050\/hta24050.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2031477","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T06:07:34Z","timestamp":1722319654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/hta\/hta24050"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":197,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3310\/hta24050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/hta24050","relation":{},"ISSN":["1366-5278","2046-4924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1366-5278","type":"print"},{"value":"2046-4924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made freely available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}