{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T08:51:13Z","timestamp":1788511873524,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","issue":"26","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/non-commercial-government-licence\/non-commercial-government-licence.htm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10\/50\/42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10\/50\/42"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are around 40,000 new cases of malignant pleural effusion in the UK each year. Insertion of talc slurry via a chest tube is the current standard treatment in the UK. However, some centres prefer local anaesthetic thoracoscopy and talc poudrage. There is no consensus as to which approach is most effective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This trial tested the hypothesis that thoracoscopy and talc poudrage increases the proportion of patients with successful pleurodesis at 3 months post procedure, compared with chest drain insertion and talc slurry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial with embedded economic evaluation. Follow-up took place at 1, 3 and 6 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>This trial was set in 17 NHS hospitals in the UK.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\"><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 330 adults with a confirmed diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion needing pleurodesis and fit to undergo thoracoscopy under local anaesthetic were included. Those adults needing a tissue diagnosis or with evidence of lung entrapment were excluded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\"><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Allocation took place following minimisation with a random component, performed by a web-based, centralised computer system. Participants in the control arm were treated with a bedside chest drain insertion and 4\u2009g of talc slurry. In the intervention arm, participants underwent local anaesthetic thoracoscopy with 4\u2009g of talc poudrage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\"><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary outcome measure was pleurodesis failure at 90 days post randomisation. Secondary outcome measures included mortality and patient-reported symptoms. A cost\u2013utility analysis was also performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 166 and 164 patients were allocated to poudrage and slurry, respectively. Participants were well matched at baseline. For the primary outcome, no significant difference in pleurodesis failure was observed between the treatment groups at 90 days, with rates of 36 out of 161 (22%) and 38 out of 159 (24%) noted in the poudrage and slurry groups, respectively (odds ratio 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.54 to 1.55;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.74). No differences (or trends towards difference) were noted in adverse events or any of the secondary outcomes at any time point, including pleurodesis failure at 180 days [poudrage 46\/161 (29%), slurry 44\/159 (28%), odds ratio 1.05, 95% confidence interval 0.63 to 1.73;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.86], mean number of nights in hospital over 90 days [poudrage 12 nights (standard deviation 13 nights), slurry 11 nights (standard deviation 10 nights);<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.35] and all-cause mortality at 180 days [poudrage 66\/166 (40%), slurry 68\/164 (42%);<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.70]. At \u00a320,000 per quality-adjusted life-year gained, poudrage would have a 0.36 probability of being cost-effective compared with slurry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-9\"><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>Entry criteria specified that patients must be sufficiently fit to undergo thoracoscopy, which may make the results less applicable to those patients presenting with a greater degree of frailty. Furthermore, the trial was conducted on an open-label basis, which may have influenced the results of patient-reported measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-10\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The TAPPS (evaluating the efficacy of Thoracoscopy And talc Poudrage versus Pleurodesis using talc Slurry) trial has robustly demonstrated that there is no additional clinical effectiveness or cost-effectiveness benefit in performing talc poudrage at thoracoscopy over bedside chest drain and talc slurry for the management of malignant pleural effusion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-11\"><jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN47845793.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-12\"><jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title><jats:p>This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in<jats:italic>Health Technology Assessment<\/jats:italic>; Vol. 24, No. 26. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/hta24260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]],"date-time":"2020-06-11T14:24:56Z","timestamp":1591885496000},"page":"1-90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Thoracoscopy and talc poudrage compared with intercostal drainage and talc slurry infusion to manage malignant pleural effusion: the TAPPS RCT"],"prefix":"10.3310","volume":"24","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn47845793","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn","type":"results"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3906-1997","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rahul","family":"Bhatnagar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Respiratory Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2118-2662","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ramon","family":"Luengo-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9957-0844","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brennan C","family":"Kahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pragmatic Clinical Trials Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1195-1680","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Najib M","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Respiratory Trials Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick A","family":"Maskell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Respiratory Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20200609175139023_ref1-bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1975.111.1.12","article-title":"The preformed stomas connecting the pleural cavity and the lymphatics in the parietal pleura","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"key20200609175139023_ref1-bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10112638","article-title":"Pleural disease and acquired immune deficiency syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Light","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"key20200609175139023_ref1-bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/00063198-200207000-00009","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor: the key mediator in pleural effusion formation","volume":"8","author":"Grove","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"key20200609175139023_ref1-bib4","first-page":"S3","article-title":"Biology of proinflammatory cytokines and their antagonists","volume":"22","author":"Moldawer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"key20200609175139023_ref1-bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii32","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.136994","article-title":"Management of a malignant pleural effusion: British Thoracic Society pleural disease guideline 2010","volume":"65","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"key20200609175139023_ref1-bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.02040366","article-title":"Pleural metastatic tumours and effusions. 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