{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T06:13:08Z","timestamp":1772863988133,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","issue":"49","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/non-commercial-government-licence\/non-commercial-government-licence.htm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12\/201\/09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/201\/09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sciatica has a substantial impact on patients and society. Current care is \u2018stepped\u2019, comprising an initial period of simple measures of advice and analgesia, for most patients, commonly followed by physiotherapy, and then by more intensive interventions if symptoms fail to resolve. No study has yet tested a model of stratified care in which patients are subgrouped and matched to different care pathways based on their prognosis and clinical characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\"><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objectives were to investigate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a stratified care model compared with usual, non-stratified care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a two-parallel group, multicentre, pragmatic, 1\u2009:\u20091 randomised controlled trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were recruited from primary care (42 general practices) in North Staffordshire, North Shropshire\/Wales and Cheshire in the UK.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\"><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eligible patients were aged \u2265\u200918 years, had suspected sciatica, had access to a mobile phone\/landline, were not pregnant, were not receiving treatment for the same problem and had not had previous spinal surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\"><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In stratified care, a combination of prognostic and clinical criteria associated with referral to spinal specialist services was used to allocate patients to one of three groups for matched care pathways. Group 1 received advice and up to two sessions of physiotherapy, group 2 received up to six sessions of physiotherapy, and group 3 was fast-tracked to magnetic resonance imaging and spinal specialist opinion. Usual care was based on the stepped-care approach without the use of any stratification tools\/algorithms. Patients were randomised using a remote web-based randomisation service.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\"><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary outcome was time to first resolution of sciatica symptoms (six point ordinal scale, collected via text messages). Secondary outcomes (at 4 and 12 months) included pain, function, psychological health, days lost from work, work productivity, satisfaction with care and health-care use. A cost\u2013utility analysis was undertaken over 12 months. A qualitative study explored patients\u2019 and clinicians\u2019 views of the fast-track care pathway to a spinal specialist.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 476 patients were randomised (238 in each arm). For the primary outcome, the overall response rate was 89.3% (88.3% and 90.3% in the stratified and usual care arms, respectively). Relief from symptoms was slightly faster (2 weeks median difference) in the stratified care arm, but this difference was not statistically significant (hazard ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval 0.89 to 1.46;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.288). On average, participants in both arms reported good improvement from baseline, on most outcomes, over time. Following the assessment at the research clinic, most participants in the usual care arm were referred to physiotherapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-9\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The stratified care model tested in this trial was not more clinically effective than usual care, and was not likely to be a cost-effective option. The fast-track pathway was felt to be acceptable to both patients and clinicians; however, clinicians expressed reluctance to consider invasive procedures if symptoms were of short duration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-10\"><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants in the usual care arm, on average, reported good outcomes, making it challenging to demonstrate superiority of stratified care. The performance of the algorithm used to allocate patients to treatment pathways may have influenced results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-11\"><jats:title>Future work<\/jats:title><jats:p>Other approaches to stratified care may provide superior outcomes for sciatica.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-12\"><jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN75449581.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"abs1-13\"><jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title><jats:p>This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in<jats:italic>Health Technology Assessment<\/jats:italic>; Vol. 24, No. 49. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/hta24490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T10:45:38Z","timestamp":1602499538000},"page":"1-130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Stratified versus usual care for the management of primary care patients with sciatica: the SCOPiC RCT"],"prefix":"10.3310","volume":"24","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn75449581","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn","type":"results"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4429-9756","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nadine E","family":"Foster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Primary, Community and Social Care, Keele University, Keele, UK"},{"name":"Keele Clinical Trials Unit, Keele University, Keele, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4228-9386","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kika","family":"Konstantinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Primary, Community and Social Care, Keele University, Keele, UK"},{"name":"Haywood Hospital, Midlands Partnership Foundation NHS Trust, Stoke-on-Trent, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3667-132X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martyn","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Primary, Community and Social Care, Keele University, Keele, UK"},{"name":"Keele Clinical Trials Unit, Keele University, Keele, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5777-4117","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Reuben","family":"Ogollah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Primary, Community and Social Care, Keele University, Keele, UK"},{"name":"Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0856-1596","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Primary, Community and Social Care, Keele University, Keele, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7608-4923","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jesse","family":"Kigozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics Unit, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8936-3745","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sue","family":"Jowett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Primary, Community and Social Care, Keele University, Keele, UK"},{"name":"Health Economics Unit, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8557-6222","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bernadette","family":"Bartlam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Primary, Community and Social Care, Keele University, Keele, UK"},{"name":"Family Medicine and Primary Care, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5319-9015","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Majid","family":"Artus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Primary, Community and Social Care, Keele University, Keele, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6246-1409","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan C","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Primary, Community and Social Care, Keele University, Keele, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0056-9291","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gemma","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keele Clinical Trials Unit, Keele University, Keele, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2677-1028","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christian D","family":"Mallen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Primary, Community and Social Care, Keele University, Keele, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9545-4296","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elaine M","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Primary, Community and Social Care, Keele University, Keele, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7248-6703","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Danielle A","family":"van der Windt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Primary, Community and Social Care, Keele University, Keele, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2266-8250","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michelle","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keele Clinical Trials Unit, Keele University, Keele, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6202-2606","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kate M","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Primary, Community and Social Care, Keele University, Keele, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39223.428495.BE","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of sciatica","volume":"334","author":"Koes","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2009.11.005","article-title":"Sciatica","volume":"24","author":"Valat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39275.951343.BE","article-title":"Sciatic: an archaic term","volume":"335","author":"Fairbank","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa064039","article-title":"Surgery versus prolonged conservative treatment for sciatica","volume":"356","author":"Peul","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318183a4a2","article-title":"Sciatica: review of epidemiological studies and prevalence estimates","volume":"33","author":"Konstantinou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181bc9454","article-title":"Variation in eligibility criteria from studies of radiculopathy due to a herniated disc and of neurogenic claudication due to lumbar spinal stenosis: a structured literature review","volume":"35","author":"Genevay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2013.00384.x","article-title":"How is radiating leg pain defined in randomized controlled trials of conservative treatments in primary care? A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.41.3.251","article-title":"Lumbar disc syndrome in Finland","volume":"41","author":"Heli\u00f6vaara","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199106000-00002","article-title":"Determinants of sciatica and low-back pain","volume":"16","author":"Heli\u00f6vaara","year":"1991","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0787-8","article-title":"Characteristics of patients with low back and leg pain seeking treatment in primary care: baseline results from the ATLAS cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Konstantinou","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-12-208","article-title":"Prognostic factors in non-surgically treated sciatica: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Ashworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.02.011","article-title":"Improving prediction of \u2018inevitable\u2019 surgery during non-surgical treatment of sciatica","volume":"138","author":"Peul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2013.00301.x","article-title":"Systematic review of prognostic factors predicting outcome in non-surgically treated patients with sciatica","volume":"17","author":"Verwoerd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.10.071","article-title":"Prognosis of sciatica and back-related leg pain in primary care: the ATLAS cohort","volume":"18","author":"Konstantinou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-200012000-00001","article-title":"Conservative treatment of sciatica: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Vroomen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-13-183","article-title":"Prognostic factors for non-success in patients with sciatica and disc herniation","volume":"13","author":"Haugen","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0474-9","article-title":"Outcome prediction in chronic unilateral lumbar radiculopathy: prospective cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Iversen","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199309010-00006","article-title":"The natural course of acute sciatica with nerve root symptoms in a double blind placebo-controlled trial of evaluating the effect of piroxicam (NSAID)","volume":"18","author":"Weber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)00272-G","article-title":"A cost-of-illness study of back pain in the Netherlands","volume":"62","author":"van Tulder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31826f9a52","article-title":"The impact of low back-related leg pain on outcomes as compared with low back pain alone: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"29","author":"Konstantinou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1513-5","article-title":"The clinical and cost-effectiveness of stratified care for patients with sciatica: the SCOPiC randomised controlled trial protocol (ISRCTN75449581)","volume":"18","author":"Foster","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"39","key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta15390","article-title":"The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of management strategies for sciatica: systematic review and economic model","volume":"15","author":"Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.04.008","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of different strategies to manage patients with sciatica","volume":"155","author":"Fitzsimmons","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001036","article-title":"Advice to stay active or structured exercise in the management of sciatica: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Fernandez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib25","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Low Back Pain and Sciatica in Over 16s: Assessment and Management. NICE guidelines [NG59]. London: NICE; 2016."},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib26","unstructured":"NHS England. National Low Back and Radicular Pain Pathway. 3rd edn. London: NHS England; 2017."},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002534","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002534","article-title":"Surgery versus prolonged conservative treatment for sciatica: 5-year results of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Lequin","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.893","article-title":"Patients with sciatica still experience pain and disability 5 years after surgery: a systematic review with meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"20","author":"Machado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.00878","article-title":"Duration of symptoms resulting from lumbar disc herniation: effect on treatment outcomes: analysis of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT)","volume":"93","author":"Rihn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049","article-title":"Comparative clinical effectiveness of management strategies for sciatica: systematic review and network meta-analyses","volume":"15","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib31","unstructured":"Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC). National Spinal Taskforce. Commissioning Spinal Services \u2013 Getting the Service Back on Track: A Guide for Commissioners of Spinal Services. London: DHSC; 2013."},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60937-9","article-title":"Comparison of stratified primary care management for low back pain with current best practice (STarT Back): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"378","author":"Hill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1625","article-title":"Effect of stratified care for low back pain in family practice (IMPaCT Back): a prospective population-based sequential comparison","volume":"12","author":"Foster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23563","article-title":"A primary care back pain screening tool: identifying patient subgroups for initial treatment","volume":"59","author":"Hill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-011-0983-8","article-title":"Timing and minimal access surgery for sciatica: a summary of two randomized trials","volume":"153","author":"Arts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7299.1401","article-title":"A survey of validity and utility of electronic patient records in a general practice","volume":"322","author":"Hassey","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-2057-2","article-title":"Development of an assessment schedule for patients with low back-associated leg pain in primary care: a Delphi consensus study","volume":"21","author":"Konstantinou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1074-z","article-title":"Classification of patients with low back-related leg pain: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Stynes","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4393-8","article-title":"A diagnostic study in patients with sciatica establishing the importance of localization of worsening of pain during coughing, sneezing and straining to assess nerve root compression on MRI","volume":"25","author":"Verwoerd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3233-y","article-title":"Is NICE guidance for identifying lumbar nerve root compression misguided?","volume":"23","author":"Germon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198303000-00004","article-title":"A study of the natural history of back pain. Part I: development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low-back pain","volume":"8","author":"Roland","year":"1983","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199509000-00011","article-title":"Assessing health-related quality of life in patients with sciatica","volume":"20","author":"Patrick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1017\/S1463423609990296","article-title":"Recall of medication use, self-care activities and pain intensity: a comparison of daily diaries and self-report questionnaires among low back pain patients","volume":"11","author":"Dunn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prim Health Care Res Dev"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(88)90138-2","article-title":"A scale for the estimation of sleep problems in clinical research","volume":"41","author":"Jenkins","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib46","first-page":"35","article-title":"Kinesphobia: a new view of chronic pain behaviour","volume":"3","author":"Kori","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pain Manag"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2004.11.007","article-title":"The S-LANSS score for identifying pain of predominantly neuropathic origin: validation for use in clinical and postal research","volume":"6","author":"Bennett","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00008","article-title":"SF-36 health survey update","volume":"25","author":"Ware","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9903-x","article-title":"Development and preliminary testing of the new a five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L)","volume":"20","author":"Herdman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2686-x","article-title":"Subgrouping patients with sciatica in primary care for matched care pathways: development of a subgrouping algorithm","volume":"20","author":"Konstantinou","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl129","article-title":"Sample size for cluster randomized trials: effect of coefficient of variation of cluster size and analysis method","volume":"35","author":"Eldridge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib52","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1998","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08272-7","article-title":"Quantification of the completeness of follow-up","volume":"359","author":"Clark","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-148-4-200802190-00008","article-title":"Extending the CONSORT statement to randomized trials of nonpharmacologic treatment: explanation and elaboration","volume":"148","author":"Boutron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a2390","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a2390","article-title":"Improving the reporting of pragmatic trials: an extension of the CONSORT statement","volume":"337","author":"Zwarenstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2011.10.001","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"10","author":"Moher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib57","volume-title":"Earnings and Hours Worked, Region By Occupation By Two-Digit SOC: ASHE Table 3","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2019"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib58","volume-title":"Flexible Parametric Survival Analysis Using Stata: Beyond the Cox Model","author":"Royston","year":"2011"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib59","first-page":"412","article-title":"Comparing Cox regression and parametric models for survival of patients with gastric carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Pourhoseingholi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318204f7a2","article-title":"Patients' own accounts of sciatica: a qualitative study","volume":"36","author":"Ong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2013.02.002","article-title":"Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) \u2013 explanation and elaboration: a report of the ISPOR Health Economic Evaluation Publication Guidelines Good Reporting Practices Task Force","volume":"16","author":"Husereau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2012.02.008","article-title":"Interim scoring for the EQ-5D-5L: mapping the EQ-5D-5L to EQ-5D-3L value sets","volume":"15","author":"van Hout","year":"2012","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib63","volume-title":"Economic Analysis in Health Care","author":"Morris","year":"2007"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.944","article-title":"Estimating mean QALYs in trial-based cost-effectiveness analysis: the importance of controlling for baseline utility","volume":"14","author":"Manca","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib65","volume-title":"Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2017","author":"Curtis","year":"2017"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib66","unstructured":"Department of Health and Social Care. NHS Reference Costs 2016\u201317. London: Department of Health and Social Care; 2017."},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib67","volume-title":"British National Formulary","author":"Joint Formulary Committee","year":"2017"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib68","volume-title":"Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2017"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000162","article-title":"Construct validity and responsiveness of the single-item presenteeism question in patients with lower back pain for the measurement of presenteeism","volume":"39","author":"Kigozi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-014-0132-3","article-title":"How to estimate productivity costs in economic evaluations","volume":"32","author":"Krol","year":"2014","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192631770.003.0005","volume-title":"Economic Evaluation in Health Care: Merging Theory with Practice","author":"Sculpher","year":"2001"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029900800102","article-title":"Multiple imputation: a primer","volume":"8","author":"Schafer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780100410","article-title":"Multiple imputation in health-care databases: an overview and some applications","volume":"10","author":"Rubin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200826090-00004","article-title":"The NICE cost-effectiveness threshold: what it is and what that means","volume":"26","author":"McCabe","year":"2008","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib75","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Guide to the Methods of Technology Appraisal 2013. London: NICE; 2013."},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03483-z","article-title":"Patients\u2019 and clinicians\u2019 perspectives on a \u2018fast-track\u2019 pathway for patients with sciatica in primary care: qualitative findings from the SCOPiC stratified care trial","volume":"21","author":"Saunders","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1665","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.1665","article-title":"Physiotherapy for patients with sciatica awaiting lumbar micro-discectomy surgery: a nested, qualitative study of patients\u2019 views and experiences","volume":"22","author":"Boote","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiother Res Int"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94176","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094176","article-title":"Most important factors for the implementation of shared decision making in sciatica care: ranking among professionals and patients","volume":"9","author":"Hofstede","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-9-42","article-title":"Development of a behaviour change intervention: a case study on the practical application of theory","volume":"9","author":"Porcheret","year":"2014","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-9-49","article-title":"Perceptions of general practitioners towards the use of a new system for treating back pain: a qualitative interview study","volume":"9","author":"Sanders","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-8-43","article-title":"Improving the normalization of complex interventions: measure development based on normalization process theory (NoMAD): study protocol","volume":"8","author":"Finch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-4-29","article-title":"Development of a theory of implementation and integration: normalization process theory","volume":"4","author":"May","year":"2009","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-015-0214-y","article-title":"RESTORE: an exploratory trial of a web-based intervention to enhance self-management of cancer-related fatigue: findings from a qualitative process evaluation","volume":"15","author":"Myall","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-017-0553-4","article-title":"Intervention planning for a digital intervention for self-management of hypertension: a theory-, evidence- and person-based approach","volume":"12","author":"Band","year":"2017","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-15-78","article-title":"Facilitating professional liaison in collaborative care for depression in UK primary care; a qualitative study utilising normalisation process theory","volume":"15","author":"Coupe","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-63","article-title":"Normalisation process theory: a framework for developing, evaluating and implementing complex interventions","volume":"8","author":"Murray","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0591-x","article-title":"Improving the normalization of complex interventions: part 2 \u2013 validation of the NoMAD instrument for assessing implementation work based on normalization process theory (NPT)","volume":"18","author":"Finch","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.05.002","article-title":"From boundary concept to boundary object: the practice and politics of care pathway development","volume":"69","author":"Allen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib89","first-page":"875","volume-title":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods: Volume 2","author":"Sandelowski","year":"2008"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib90","volume-title":"Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research","author":"Glaser","year":"1967"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.10.001","article-title":"Biographical suspension and liminality of Self in accounts of severe sciatica","volume":"218","author":"Saunders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.07.019","article-title":"Cognitive and affective reassurance and patient outcomes in primary care: a systematic review","volume":"154","author":"Pincus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-03-18-4525","article-title":"Low back pain: can we mitigate the inadvertent psycho-behavioural harms of spinal imaging?","volume":"47","author":"Wheeler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust J Gen Pract"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2017.11.005","article-title":"Investigations for sciatica: the patient\u2019s perspective. A qualitative, interpretative inquiry","volume":"33","author":"Ryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib95","volume-title":"Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Practice","author":"Holstein","year":"1997"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199902113400602","article-title":"Lack of effectiveness of bed rest for sciatica","volume":"340","author":"Vroomen","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2002.96.1.0045","article-title":"Westeinde sciatica trial: randomized controlled study of bed rest and physiotherapy for acute sciatica","volume":"96","author":"Hofstee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000198724.54891.3a","article-title":"Lumbar disc herniations: surgical versus nonsurgical treatment","volume":"443","author":"Awad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614292","article-title":"Trial of pregabalin for acute and chronic sciatica","volume":"376","author":"Mathieson","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199912010-00014","article-title":"Recovery of severe sciatica","volume":"24","author":"Balagu\u00e9","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1603-7","article-title":"Surgery versus conservative management of sciatica due to a lumbar herniated disc: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Jacobs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0867-7","article-title":"Timing of surgery for sciatica: subgroup analysis alongside a randomized trial","volume":"18","author":"Peul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12998-017-0142-2","article-title":"The STarT back tool in chiropractic practice: a narrative review","volume":"25","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chiropr Man Therap"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.20.2451","article-title":"Surgical vs nonoperative treatment for lumbar disk herniation: the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT) observational cohort","volume":"296","author":"Weinstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18018","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018018","article-title":"Sensory symptom profiles and co-morbidities in painful radiculopathy","volume":"6","author":"Mahn","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70189-8","article-title":"Subgrouping of patients with neuropathic pain according to pain-related sensory abnormalities: a first step to a stratified treatment approach","volume":"11","author":"Baron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000753","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathic pain: a mechanism-related organizing principle based on sensory profiles","volume":"158","author":"Baron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key20201008201204026_ref1-bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.08.014","article-title":"The effect of oxcarbazepine in peripheral neuropathic pain depends on pain phenotype: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phenotype-stratified study","volume":"155","author":"Demant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"}],"container-title":["Health Technology Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2034199","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/hta24490\/hta24490.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2034199","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T20:26:35Z","timestamp":1723753595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/hta\/hta24490"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"49","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3310\/hta24490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/hta24490","relation":{},"ISSN":["1366-5278","2046-4924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1366-5278","type":"print"},{"value":"2046-4924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made freely available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"},{"value":"11-2014","name":"contractual_start_date","label":"Contractual start date","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3-2019","name":"editorial_review_begun","label":"Editorial review begun","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11-2019","name":"accepted_for_publication","label":"Accepted for publication","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}}]}}