{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:17:01Z","timestamp":1791933421459,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","issue":"50","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/non-commercial-government-licence\/non-commercial-government-licence.htm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17\/70\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17\/70\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n One-fifth of all disabled children have mobility limitations. Early provision of powered mobility for very young children (aged <\u20095 years) is hypothesised to trigger positive developmental changes. However, the optimum age at which to introduce powered mobility is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n The aim of this project was to synthesise existing evidence regarding the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of powered mobility for very young children, compared with the more common practice of powered mobility provision from the age of 5 years.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Review methods<\/jats:title>\n The study was planned as a mixed-methods evidence synthesis and economic modelling study. First, evidence relating to the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, acceptability, feasibility and anticipated outcomes of paediatric powered mobility interventions was reviewed. A convergent mixed-methods evidence synthesis was undertaken using framework synthesis, and a separate qualitative evidence synthesis was undertaken using thematic synthesis. The two syntheses were subsequently compared and contrasted to develop a logic model for evaluating the outcomes of powered mobility interventions for children. Because there were insufficient published data, it was not possible to develop a robust economic model. Instead, a budget impact analysis was conducted to estimate the cost of increased powered mobility provision for very young children, using cost data from publicly available sources.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data sources<\/jats:title>\n A range of bibliographic databases [Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINHAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE\u2122 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Occupational Therapy Systematic Evaluation of Evidence (OTseeker), Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA), PsycINFO, Science Citation Index (SCI; Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, PA, USA), Social Sciences Citation Index\u2122 (SSCI; Clarivate Analytics), Conference Proceedings Citation Index \u2013 Science (CPCI-S; Clarivate Analytics), Conference Proceedings Citation Index \u2013 Social Science & Humanities (CPCI-SSH; Clarivate Analytics), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Database and OpenGrey] was systematically searched and the included studies were quality appraised. Searches were carried out in June 2018 and updated in October 2019. The date ranges searched covered from 1946 to September 2019.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n In total, 89 studies were included in the review. Only two randomised controlled trials were identified. The overall quality of the evidence was low. No conclusive evidence was found about the effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of powered mobility in children aged either <\u20095 or \u2265\u20095 years. However, strong support was found that powered mobility interventions have a positive impact on children\u2019s movement and mobility, and moderate support was found for the impact on children\u2019s participation, play and social interactions and on the safety outcome of accidents and pain. \u2018Fit\u2019 between the child, the equipment and the environment was found to be important, as were the outcomes related to a child\u2019s independence, freedom and self-expression. The evidence supported two distinct conceptualisations of the primary powered mobility outcome, movement and mobility: the former is \u2018movement for movement\u2019s sake\u2019 and the latter destination-focused mobility. Powered mobility should be focused on \u2018movement for movement\u2019s sake\u2019 in the first instance. From the budget impact analysis, it was estimated that, annually, the NHS spends \u00a31.89M on the provision of powered mobility for very young children, which is <\u20092% of total wheelchair service expenditure.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Limitations<\/jats:title>\n The original research question could not be answered because there was a lack of appropriately powered published research.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Early powered mobility is likely to have multiple benefits for very young children, despite the lack of robust evidence to demonstrate this. Age is not the key factor; instead, the focus should be on providing developmentally appropriate interventions and focusing on \u2018movement for movement\u2019s sake\u2019.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Future work<\/jats:title>\n Future research should focus on developing, implementing, evaluating and comparing different approaches to early powered mobility.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study registration<\/jats:title>\n This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42018096449.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Funding<\/jats:title>\n This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment<\/jats:italic>; Vol. 24, No. 50. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/hta24500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T10:57:32Z","timestamp":1603191452000},"page":"1-194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Powered mobility interventions for very young children with mobility limitations to aid participation and positive development: the EMPoWER evidence synthesis"],"prefix":"10.3310","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7646-5435","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nathan","family":"Bray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Health Economics and Medicines Evaluation, Bangor University, Bangor, 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