{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T18:33:53Z","timestamp":1793990033862,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/non-commercial-government-licence\/non-commercial-government-licence.htm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15\/31\/04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15\/31\/04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n When psychosis emerges in young people there is a risk of poorer outcomes, and access to evidence-based treatments is paramount. The current evidence base is limited. Antipsychotic medications show only a small benefit over placebo, but young people experience more side effects than adults. There is sparse evidence for psychological intervention. Research is needed to determine the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of psychological intervention versus antipsychotic medication versus a combined treatment for adolescents with psychosis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n The objective of Managing Adolescent first-episode Psychosis: a feasibility Study (MAPS) was to determine the feasibility of conducting a definitive trial to answer the question of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these three treatment options.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n This was a prospective, randomised, open-blinded, evaluation feasibility trial with a single blind. Participants were allocated 1\u2009:\u20091\u2009:\u20091 to receive antipsychotic medication, psychological intervention or a combination of both. A thematic qualitative study explored the acceptability and feasibility of the trial.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Early intervention in psychosis services and child and adolescent mental health services in Manchester, Oxford, Lancashire, Sussex, Birmingham, Norfolk and Suffolk, and Northumberland, Tyne and Wear.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n People aged 14\u201318 years experiencing a first episode of psychosis either with an International Classification of Diseases<\/jats:italic>, Tenth Revision, schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis or meeting the entry criteria for early intervention in psychosis who had not received antipsychotic medication or psychological intervention within the last 3 months.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interventions<\/jats:title>\n Psychological intervention involved up to 26 hours of cognitive\u2013behavioural therapy and six family intervention sessions over 6 months, with up to four booster sessions. Antipsychotic medication was prescribed by the participant\u2019s psychiatrist in line with usual practice. Combined treatment was a combination of psychological intervention and antipsychotic medication.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n The primary outcome was feasibility (recruitment, treatment adherence and retention). We used a three-stage progression criterion to determine feasibility. Secondary outcomes were psychosis symptoms, recovery, anxiety and depression, social and educational\/occupational functioning, drug and alcohol use, health economics, adverse\/metabolic side effects and adverse\/serious adverse events.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n We recruited 61 out of 90 (67.8%; amber zone) potential participants (psychological intervention, n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200918; antipsychotic medication, n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200922; combined treatment, n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200921). Retention to follow-up was 51 out of 61 participants (83.6%; green zone). In the psychological intervention arm and the combined treatment arm, 32 out of 39 (82.1%) participants received six or more sessions of cognitive\u2013behavioural therapy (green zone). In the combined treatment arm and the antipsychotic medication arm, 28 out of 43 (65.1%) participants received antipsychotic medication for 6 consecutive weeks (amber zone). There were no serious adverse events related to the trial and one related adverse event. Overall, the number of completed secondary outcome measures, including health economics, was small.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Limitations<\/jats:title>\n Medication adherence was determined by clinician report, which can be biased. The response to secondary outcomes was low, including health economics. The small sample size obtained means that the study lacked statistical power and there will be considerable uncertainty regarding estimates of treatment effects.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n It is feasible to conduct a trial comparing psychological intervention with antipsychotic medication and a combination treatment in young people with psychosis with some adaptations to the design, including adaptations to collection of health economic data to determine cost-effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Future work<\/jats:title>\n An adequately powered definitive trial is required to provide robust evidence.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN80567433.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Funding<\/jats:title>\n This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment<\/jats:italic>; Vol. 25, No. 4. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/hta25040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T09:49:07Z","timestamp":1611654547000},"page":"1-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Psychological intervention, antipsychotic medication or a combined treatment for adolescents with a first episode of psychosis: the MAPS feasibility three-arm RCT"],"prefix":"10.3310","volume":"25","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn80567433","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn","type":"results"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4389-2091","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anthony P","family":"Morrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9561-6777","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Melissa","family":"Pyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5873-3483","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rory","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6963-8884","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew","family":"Broome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Warneford Hospital, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2541-2197","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Warneford Hospital, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3355-3202","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Louise","family":"Johns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Warneford Hospital, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2742-8328","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anthony","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Warneford Hospital, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9493-0721","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nusrat","family":"Husain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Lancashire and South Cumbria NHS Foundation Trust, Chorley, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0478-7296","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard","family":"Whale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1039-5646","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Graeme","family":"MacLennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9823-9252","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John","family":"Norrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trials Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6440-6419","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jemma","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1949-3995","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8801-3559","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Linda","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6675-7511","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samantha","family":"Bowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0277-1680","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jo","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health and Community, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2531-5837","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Shiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2066-0033","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emmeline","family":"Joyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9869-2230","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wendy","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1083-6744","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chris","family":"Hollis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Research MindTech MedTech Co-operative, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0348-6195","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Maughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warneford Hospital, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1348\/014466502760387461","article-title":"A cognitive model of persecutory delusions","volume":"41","author":"Freeman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1177\/002076402128783181","article-title":"Effect of culture and environment on the phenomenology of delusions and hallucinations","volume":"48","author":"Suhail","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: WHO; 1992."},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5): Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.bp.116.016071","article-title":"Thought disorder","volume":"23","author":"Passby","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJPsych Adv"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290070020005","article-title":"Negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Definition and reliability","volume":"39","author":"Andreasen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbj053","article-title":"The NIMH-MATRICS consensus statement on negative symptoms","volume":"32","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx066","article-title":"A transdiagnostic review of negative symptom phenomenology and etiology","volume":"43","author":"Strauss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.2174\/1745017901511010158","article-title":"Epidemiology and treatment guidelines of negative symptoms in schizo-phrenia in central and eastern Europe: a literature review","volume":"11","author":"Szkultecka-D\u0119bek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04250yel","article-title":"Prevalence of negative symptoms in outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders treated with antipsychotics in routine clinical practice: findings from the CLAMORS study","volume":"71","author":"Bobes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.05.011","article-title":"Negative symptoms and their predictors in schizophrenia within the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort","volume":"178","author":"M\u00e4kinen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(99)00224-8","article-title":"Strauss (1969) revisited: a psychosis continuum in the general population?","volume":"45","author":"Van Os","year":"2000","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(01)00103-9","article-title":"The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population","volume":"21","author":"Johns","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.107789","article-title":"Psychotic symptoms in young people without psychotic illness: mechanisms and meaning","volume":"201","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1017\/S1121189X00003067","article-title":"Is there a continuum of psychotic experiences in the general population?","volume":"12","author":"Van Os","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20301","article-title":"Clinical, socio demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a \u201cneed for care\u201d","volume":"15","author":"Peters","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717002501","article-title":"Epidemiology of psychotic depression \u2013 systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12520","article-title":"Characterizing the experience of auditory verbal hallucinations and accompanying delusions in individuals with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.bp.115.014720","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia: boundaries and uncertainties","volume":"22","author":"Pina-Camacho","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJPsych Adv"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2007.3","article-title":"Prediction of psychosis in youth at high clinical risk: a multisite longitudinal study in North America","volume":"65","author":"Cannon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1472","article-title":"Predicting psychosis: meta-analysis of transition outcomes in individuals at high clinical risk","volume":"69","author":"Fusar-Poli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007046","article-title":"The \u2018close-in\u2019 or ultra high-risk model: a safe and effective strategy for research and clinical intervention in prepsychotic mental disorder","volume":"29","author":"McGorry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32816ebc8c","article-title":"Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature","volume":"20","author":"Kessler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.06.004","article-title":"Pre-treatment, baseline, and outcome differences between early-onset and adult-onset psychosis in an epidemiological cohort of 636 first-episode patients","volume":"95","author":"Schimmelmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2006.07.001","article-title":"Outcome and its predictors in schizophrenia within the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort","volume":"22","author":"Lauronen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90569-X","article-title":"Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort","volume":"344","author":"Jones","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib27","first-page":"167","volume-title":"The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia","author":"Orr","year":"2003"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib28","unstructured":"National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Psychosis and Schizophrenia in Children and Young People: Recognition and Management. London: RCPysch Publications; 2013."},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198705000-00013","article-title":"Antecedents of adolescent psychoses: a population-based study of school health problems in children who develop psychosis in adolescence","volume":"26","author":"Hellgren","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198705000-00012","article-title":"A North Dakota prevalence study of schizophrenia presenting in childhood","volume":"26","author":"Burd","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib31","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Schizophrenia in Children and Adolescents","author":"Gillberg","year":"2001"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.3.250","article-title":"Heterogeneity in incidence rates of schizophrenia and other psychotic syndromes: findings from the 3-centre \u00c6SOP study","volume":"63","author":"Kirkbride","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.190.1.18","article-title":"Adolescent-onset psychosis: prevalence, needs and service provision","volume":"190","author":"Boeing","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12229","article-title":"What constitutes \u2018good practice\u2019 in early intervention for psychosis? Analysis of clinical guidelines","volume":"23","author":"Corsico","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Ment Health"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.7.2.133","article-title":"Management of first-episode psychosis","volume":"7","author":"Spencer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv Psychiatr Treat"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00182.x","article-title":"Early intervention in psychosis: concepts, evidence and future directions","volume":"7","author":"McGorry","year":"2008","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib37","unstructured":"NHS England, National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Implementing the Early Intervention in Psychosis Access and Waiting Time Standard: Guidance (Gateway Reference 04294). London: NHS England Publications; 2016."},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.10.1652","article-title":"Adult outcomes of child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenia: diagnostic stability and predictive validity","volume":"157","author":"Hollis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.170035","article-title":"Fifteen years on \u2013 early intervention for a new generation","volume":"209","author":"Marwaha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125318765725","article-title":"Dilemmas in the treatment of early-onset first-episode psychosis","volume":"8","author":"Hayes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-150","article-title":"A systematic review of the long-term outcome of early onset schizophrenia","volume":"12","author":"Clemmensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444327298.ch3","volume-title":"Schizophrenia","author":"Hollis","year":"2011","edition":"3rd"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14005","DOI":"10.1038\/npjschz.2014.5","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in early-onset psychosis: a systematic review","volume":"1","author":"D\u00edaz-Caneja","year":"2015","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophr"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370004500803","article-title":"First-episode psychosis: a comparative review of diagnostic evolution and predictive variables in adolescents versus adults","volume":"45","author":"Menezes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib45","volume-title":"EDEN: Evaluating the Development and Impact of Early Intervention Services (EISs) in the West Midlands","author":"Birchwood","year":"2007"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61817-6","article-title":"Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination against people with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"373","author":"Thornicroft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.02.1065","article-title":"Self-stigma, empowerment and perceived discrimination among people with schizophrenia in 14 European countries: the GAMIAN-Europe study","volume":"122","author":"Brohan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12098","article-title":"Internalized stigma, emotional dysfunction and unusual experiences in young people at risk of psychosis","volume":"9","author":"Pyle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/08039480410005611","article-title":"Suicide and suicide attempts in adolescent-onset psychotic disorders","volume":"58","author":"Jarbin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3371\/CSRP.4.1.2","article-title":"Suicidal behavior in adolescents with first-episode psychosis","volume":"4","author":"Falcone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02293.x","article-title":"Adolescent inpatient psychiatric admission rates and subsequent one-year mortality in England: 1998\u20132004","volume":"51","author":"James","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.06.009","article-title":"Outcome in early-onset schizophrenia revisited: findings from the early psychosis prevention and intervention centre long-term follow-up study","volume":"131","author":"Amminger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib53","unstructured":"Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC). The Mental Health Policy Implementation Guide. London: DHSC; 2001."},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s116","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.187.48.s116","article-title":"Early intervention and recovery for young people with early psychosis: consensus statement","volume":"48","author":"Bertolote","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry Suppl"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib55","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Psychosis and Schizophrenia in Children and Young People: Recognition and Management (Clinical Guideline CG155). London: NICE; 2013."},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib56","unstructured":"Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership. Early Intervention in Psychosis Audit Report. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2016."},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12400","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to implementing family support and education in early psychosis intervention programmes: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Selick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.048942","article-title":"Beyond the critical period: longitudinal study of 8-year outcome in first-episode non-affective psychosis","volume":"194","author":"Crumlish","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2009.01506.x","article-title":"The evolution of depression and suicidality in first episode psychosis","volume":"122","author":"Upthegrove","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.125500","article-title":"Reducing duration of untreated psychosis: care pathways to early intervention in psychosis services","volume":"203","author":"Birchwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib61","unstructured":"Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC). National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services: Core Standards. London: DHSC; 2004."},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib62","unstructured":"Rethink. Joint Working at the Interface: Early Intervention in Psychosis and Specialist Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services. London: Rethink; 2011."},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2014.73","article-title":"Youth services: meeting the mental health needs of adolescents","volume":"32","author":"Vyas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ir J Psychol Med"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s36","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.119198","article-title":"Transfers and transitions between child and adult mental health services","volume":"54","author":"Paul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry Suppl"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib65","unstructured":"Singh SP, Paul M, Islam Z, Weaver T, Kramer T, McLaren S, et al. Transition from CAMHS to Adult Mental Health Services (TRACK): A Study of Service Organisation, Policies, Process and User and Carer Perspectives. Report for the National Institute for Health Research Service Delivery and Organisation programme. London: National Coordinating Centre for the Service Delivery and Organisation; 2010."},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib66","volume-title":"Access to Children and Young People\u2019s Mental Health Services \u2013 2018","author":"Crenna-Jennings","year":"2018"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-8-135","article-title":"Transitions of care from Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services to Adult Mental Health Services (TRACK Study): a study of protocols in Greater London","volume":"23","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.11.1484","article-title":"Collaborating to provide early-intervention services to persons in England with first-episode psychosis","volume":"60","author":"England","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b3373","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b3373","article-title":"Should youth mental health become a specialty in its own right? Yes","volume":"339","author":"McGorry","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.11.1105","article-title":"Efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of antipsychotics in children and adolescents with schizophrenia: a network meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Krause","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0117166","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117166","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of pharmacological and psychological interventions for the treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia in children, adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Stafford","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0500","article-title":"Treatment of young people with antipsychotic medications in the United States","volume":"72","author":"Olfson","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.06.013","article-title":"Oral aripiprazole as maintenance treatment in adolescent schizophrenia: results from a 52-week, randomized, placebo-controlled withdrawal study","volume":"56","author":"Correll","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30166-9","article-title":"Quetiapine extended release versus aripiprazole in children and adolescents with first-episode psychosis: the multicentre, double-blind, randomised tolerability and efficacy of antipsychotics (TEA) trial","volume":"4","author":"Pagsberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.11m07162","article-title":"Minimum clinically important difference in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale using data from the CATIE Schizophrenia Trial","volume":"73","author":"Hermes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30287-0","article-title":"Antipsychotics in adolescent-onset psychosis: a work in progress","volume":"4","author":"James","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200721110-00004","article-title":"Adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics","volume":"21","author":"Haddad","year":"2007","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709992297","article-title":"A systematic review of the effects of antipsychotic drugs on brain volume","volume":"40","author":"Moncrieff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib79","volume-title":"Psychopharmacology of Depressive States in Childhood and Adolescence","author":"Schulz","year":"2001","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.0808e24","article-title":"Assessing and maximizing the safety and tolerability of antipsychotics used in the treatment of children and adolescents","volume":"69","author":"Correll","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.07.014","article-title":"Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES III","volume":"80","author":"McEvoy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1549","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk of second-generation antipsychotic medications during first-time use in children and adolescents","volume":"302","author":"Correll","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203493465","volume-title":"Cognitive Therapy For Psychosis: A Formulation-Based Approach","author":"Morrison","year":"2004"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701003312","article-title":"A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis","volume":"31","author":"Garety","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.164.2.190","article-title":"The omnipotence of voices: a cognitive approach to auditory hallucinations","volume":"164","author":"Chadwick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/17522439.2016.1259648","article-title":"The importance of human relationships, ethics and recovery-orientated values in the delivery of CBT for people with psychosis","volume":"9","author":"Brabban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychosis"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/ap.12179","article-title":"Delivering cognitive-behavioural family interventions for schizophrenia","volume":"51","author":"Onwumere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust Psychol"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3506-1","article-title":"Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of CBT vs antipsychotics vs both in 14-18-year-olds: Managing Adolescent first episode Psychosis: a feasibility study (MAPS)","volume":"20","author":"Pyle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.116285","article-title":"Cognitive\u2013behavioural therapy for the symptoms of schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis with examination of potential bias","volume":"204","author":"Jauhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.02.018","article-title":"The effect of cognitive behavioral treatment on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm114","article-title":"Cognitive behavior therapy for schizophrenia: effect sizes, clinical models, and methodological rigor","volume":"34","author":"Wykes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702005895","article-title":"Psychological treatments in schizophrenia: I. Meta-analysis of family intervention and cognitive behaviour therapy","volume":"32","author":"Pilling","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1159-3","article-title":"Psychological interventions in psychosis in children and adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Anagnostopoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2013.05.008","article-title":"Psychological interventions for adolescent psychosis: a pilot controlled trial in routine care","volume":"28","author":"Browning","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.04.004","article-title":"Intervention for adolescents with early-onset psychosis and their families: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Calvo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s91","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.181.43.s91","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy in early schizophrenia: acute-phase outcomes","volume":"181","author":"Lewis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry Suppl"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.188.3.250","article-title":"Influence of age on outcome of psychological treatments in first-episode psychosis","volume":"188","author":"Haddock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31825bfa1d","article-title":"Adverse effects of cognitive behavioral therapy and cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: results of the treatment of negative symptoms study","volume":"200","author":"Klingberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.112110","article-title":"Antipsychotics: is it time to introduce patient choice?","volume":"201","author":"Morrison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/17522430802610008","article-title":"Psychosocial treatment, antipsychotic postponement, and low dose medication strategies in first episode psychosis: a review of the literature","volume":"1","author":"Bola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosis"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62246-1","article-title":"Cognitive therapy for people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders not taking antipsychotic drugs: a single-blind randomised controlled trial","volume":"383","author":"Morrison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30096-8","article-title":"Antipsychotic drugs versus cognitive behavioural therapy versus a combination of both in people with psychosis: a randomised controlled pilot and feasibility study","volume":"5","author":"Morrison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30248-0","article-title":"Antipsychotic medication versus psychological intervention versus a combination of both in adolescents with first-episode psychosis (MAPS): a multicentre, three-arm, randomised controlled pilot and feasibility study","volume":"7","author":"Morrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib104","volume-title":"English Indices of Deprivation 2015","author":"Ministry of Housing, Communities and Government","year":"2015"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.03.021","article-title":"The five-factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale II: a ten-fold cross-validation of a revised model","volume":"85","author":"van der Gaag M","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.04.011","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the questionnaire about the process of recovery (QPR)","volume":"156","author":"Law","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.01.044","article-title":"Development and preliminary validation of the First Episode Social Functioning Scale for early psychosis","volume":"216","author":"Lecomte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.11.003","article-title":"Toward brief \u2018red flags\u2019 for Autism screening: the short Autism Spectrum Quotient and the Short Quantitative Checklist in 1,000 cases and 3,000 controls","volume":"51","author":"Allison","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta23070","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioural therapy for clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: the FOCUS RCT","volume":"23","author":"Morrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.70","article-title":"Long-term clinical and cost-effectiveness of collaborative care (versus usual care) for people with mental-physical multimorbidity: cluster-randomised trial","volume":"213","author":"Camacho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9903-x","article-title":"Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L)","volume":"20","author":"Herdman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","article-title":"Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II","volume":"88","author":"Saunders","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370805300105","article-title":"Validation of the alcohol use disorders identification test and the drug abuse screening test in first episode psychosis","volume":"53","author":"Cassidy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(82)90005-3","article-title":"The Drug Abuse Screening Test","volume":"7","author":"Skinner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt106","article-title":"Characterization of psychotic experiences in adolescence using the specific psychotic experiences questionnaire: findings from a study of 5000 16-year-old twins","volume":"40","author":"Ronald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108091069","article-title":"Interrater reliability of the antipsychotic non-neurological side-effects rating scale measured in patients treated with clozapine","volume":"22","author":"Ohlsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0983-6","article-title":"Design and protocol for the Focusing on Clozapine Unresponsive Symptoms (FOCUS) trial: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Pyle","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq016","article-title":"The PANSS should be rescaled","volume":"36","author":"Leucht","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/17522439.2017.1295098","article-title":"A manualised treatment protocol to guide delivery of evidence-based cognitive therapy for people with distressing psychosis: learning from clinical trials","volume":"9","author":"Morrison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychosis"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465801003010","article-title":"The interpretation of intrusions in psychosis: an integrative cognitive approach to hallucinations and delusions","volume":"29","author":"Morrison","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.153320","article-title":"Components of therapy as mechanisms of change in cognitive therapy for people at risk of psychosis: analysis of the EDIE-2 trial","volume":"207","author":"Flach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib124","volume-title":"Cognitive Therapy of Schizophrenia: Guides to Evidence-based Practice","author":"Kingdon","year":"2005"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib125","first-page":"261","volume-title":"Psychological Interventions in Early Psychosis: A Practical Treatment Handbook","author":"Fadden"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465801004040","article-title":"The Revised Cognitive Therapy Scale (CTS-R): psychometric properties","volume":"29","author":"Blackburn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j..2002.384.doc.x","article-title":"Design and analysis of pilot studies: recommendations for good practice","volume":"10","author":"Lancaster","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780141709","article-title":"On the use of a pilot sample for sample size determination","volume":"14","author":"Browne","year":"1995","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual Res"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.105.014985","article-title":"The future of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis: not a quasi-neuroleptic","volume":"188","author":"Birchwood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125313510195","article-title":"SMARTS (Systematic Monitoring of Adverse events Related to TreatmentS): the development of a pragmatic patient-completed checklist to assess antipsychotic drug side effects","volume":"4","author":"Haddad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3109\/09638237.2011.577114","article-title":"Selecting outcome measures in mental health: the views of service users","volume":"20","author":"Crawford","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Ment Health"},{"key":"key20210121164321267_ref1-bib133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2003.01234.x","article-title":"The experience of recovery from schizophrenia: towards an empirically validated stage model","volume":"37","author":"Andresen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Health Technology Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2035528","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/hta25040\/hta25040.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2035528","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T15:37:06Z","timestamp":1692113826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/hta\/hta25040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3310\/hta25040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/hta25040","relation":{},"ISSN":["1366-5278","2046-4924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1366-5278","type":"print"},{"value":"2046-4924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made freely available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"},{"value":"3-2017","name":"contractual_start_date","label":"Contractual start date","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9-2019","name":"editorial_review_begun","label":"Editorial review begun","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5-2020","name":"accepted_for_publication","label":"Accepted for publication","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}}]}}